Umnikelo kaNikola Tesla Emhlabeni Wezesayensi
UNikola Tesla ungomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje. Igama lakhe livame ukuhlotshaniswa nogesi, ugesi oshintshanayo (AC), kanye nemibono yesikhathi esizayo eyayingaphambi kwesikhathi sabo. Wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1856, eSmiljan (manje eyiCroatia) futhi washona ngoJanuwari 7, 1943, eNew York, uTesla waphila impilo egcwele ukutholakala kwezinto ezintsha, ukuncintisana kwesayensi, kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu. Nakuba enganikezwa njalo ukuqashelwa ayekufanele ngesikhathi sakhe, iminikelo yakhe manje ibhekwa njengezisekelo ezibalulekile zezinhlelo zamandla kagesi, ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, kanye nezimiso zobunjiniyela besimanje.
1. Uguquko Lwesistimu Yokushintshana Kwamanje (i-AC)
Umnikelo odumile kakhulu weTesla kwaba ukuthuthukiswa nokukhuthazwa kohlelo lwe-alternating current (AC). Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umhlaba wawubhekene "neMpi Yemisinga" phakathi kwe-direct current (DC), eyayikhuthazwa nguThomas Edison, kanye ne-alternating current (AC), eyayikhuthazwa nguTesla noGeorge Westinghouse. I-Tesla ibonise ukuthi i-AC yayisebenza kahle kakhulu ekudlulisweni kukagesi okude ngoba yayingakhushulwa kalula futhi yehliswe kusetshenziswa ama-transformer. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ugesi ungathunyelwa ngama-voltage aphezulu ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa, bese wehliswa futhi ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphephile emakhaya nasezimbonini.
Uhlelo lwe-AC, oluye lwaba indinganiso yomhlaba wonke namuhla, luwubufakazi bokuthi umbono we-Tesla wawungagcini nje ngokuba nobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi wawuwusizo. Ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo, ukuhlinzeka ngogesi esikalini sedolobha lonke kanye nesifunda kungaba kubi kakhulu futhi kube nzima kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Tesla yasiza ekwakheni indlela abantu abakhiqiza, abathumela, futhi abasebenzisa ngayo amandla kagesi kuze kube sesikhathini sanamuhla.
2. Injini Yokungenisa kanye Nensimu Kamagnetic Ejikelezayo
Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo ze-AC, iTesla yaklama nenjini yokungenisa esebenza kusetshenziswa insimu kazibuthe ejikelezayo. Ngaphambi kwalokhu kusungulwa, amamotha kagesi ayevame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, angasebenzi kahle, futhi ayedinga ama-commutator ayevame ukuguga. Injini yokungenisa kaTesla yathatha indawo yalezi zindlela ngomklamo olula, ohlala isikhathi eside, futhi osebenza kahle.
Ama-induction motors ayinsika yemboni yesimanje, asetshenziswa kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene: amafeni, amaphampu, imishini yasefektri, ama-compressor, ngisho nezinto zasendlini. Isimiso sikaTesla sokujikeleza amasimu kazibuthe sasiwukuthuthuka kwesayensi nobunjiniyela, sihlanganisa inkolelo-mbono kagesi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi zezimboni.
3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Tesla Coil kanye ne-High Voltage
UTesla waziwa nangekhoyili yakhe yeTesla, isekethe ye-transformer ephendulayo ekwazi ukukhiqiza ama-voltage aphezulu kakhulu kuma-frequency aphezulu. Nakuba ivame ukubhekwa njengedivayisi yokubonisa emangalisayo (ngoba ikhiqiza izinhlansi zikagesi ezimangalisayo), ikhoyili yeTesla ibilokhu ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi, ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lwamagagasi kagesi, i-resonance, kanye nokuziphatha kukagesi kuma-frequency aphezulu.
Ukuhlolwa kukaTesla ngama-voltage aphezulu kusize ekuvuleni indlela yokuqonda okwengeziwe ngokudluliswa kwamandla, izakhiwo zokufakelwa kukagesi, kanye nesimo sokukhishwa kukagesi emoyeni. Kuwo wonke umlando wobuchwepheshe, isimiso samasekethe aphendulayo sadlala indima ekuthuthukisweni komsakazo, ithelevishini, kanye namadivayisi ahlukahlukene okuxhumana angenantambo.
4. Iminikelo Yasekuqaleni Ebuchwephesheni Bomsakazo Nokuxhumana Okungenantambo
I-Tesla ivame ukubhekwa njengomunye wabasunguli bokuqala bobuchwepheshe bomsakazo. Wenza izivivinyo zokudluliswa kwesignali engenantambo ngaphambi kokuba umsakazo ube ubuchwepheshe bezentengiselwano. I-Tesla yathuthukisa umqondo wokudlulisa izimpawu namandla ngamagagasi kagesi, okuhlanganisa nokuboniswa kwemishini eyayingamukela futhi icubungule izimpawu ezingenantambo.
Empikiswaneni yomlando, igama likaGuglielmo Marconi lidumile kakhulu njengomsunguli womsakazo, kodwa iminikelo kaTesla ayinakunakwa. I-Tesla yayinamalungelo obunikazi ahlobene namasekethe nezindlela zokudlulisa kamuva ezaba yisisekelo sobuchwepheshe bomsakazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakunempikiswano yesikweletu, kusobala ukuthi i-Tesla yayingomunye wososayensi abafaka ukuxhumana okungenantambo eqinisweni.
5. Ukulawula Okukude: Ukulawula Okukude Njengokuqala Kokuzenzakalela
Ngo-1898, iTesla yabonisa isikebhe esasingalawulwa kude kusetshenziswa amaza omsakazo. Lo mbukiso wawuyinguquko yesikhathi sawo—hhayi nje kuphela ukuhlolwa okuyingqayizivele, kodwa futhi wawuyisandulela semibono yokulawula kude, amarobhothi, kanye nokuzisebenzela.
Umqondo wokuthi imishini ingathola imiyalo ngaphandle kwentambo uvule amathuba amasha ezinhlelo zokulawula, izikhali, izinto zasendlini, ngisho nama-drones anamuhla. Namuhla, izilawuli ezikude ziyingxenye evamile yokuphila kwansuku zonke, futhi iminikelo kaTesla ikhombisa ukubona kwakhe ikusasa kusengaphambili.
6. Umbono Wokudluliselwa Kwamandla Okungenantambo
Omunye wemibono kaTesla eyayinesifiso esikhulu kwakuwukudluliswa kwamandla okungenantambo. Iphrojekthi yeWardenclyffe Tower eNew York yayifanekisela lesi sifiso. UTesla wayenombono wokuthi amandla kagesi nolwazi kungadluliselwa emhlabeni nasemkhathini, kunikeze abantu ukufinyelela kugesi ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi enkulu yezintambo.
Nakuba lo msebenzi ungazange uqedwe ngenxa yezinkinga zezimali kanye nezinselele zobuchwepheshe, umqondo wokudlulisa okungenantambo uyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza ucwaningo lwesimanje. Namuhla, ubuchwepheshe bokushaja okungenantambo bamadivayisi kagesi bungabonakala njengenguqulo encishisiwe yombono kaTesla. Nakuba umongo nezindlela zihlukile, umgomo oyisisekelo uyafana: ukunciphisa ukuthembela ekuxhumekeni okunezintambo ukuze kusatshalaliswe amandla.
7. Izindlela Zokucabanga Zesayensi kanye Nokucabanga Kobunjiniyela
Iminikelo kaTesla kwakungeyona nje imishini namalungelo obunikazi, kodwa futhi yayiyindlela yokucabanga. Wayaziwa ngamakhono akhe aqinile okubona izinto ngeso lengqondo, evame "ukwakha" imishini engqondweni yakhe ngaphambi kokwakha iphrothokholi. Le ndlela yabonisa inhlanganisela yokuqonda kwesayensi kanye nendlela yobunjiniyela bokudala.
UTesla uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokusebenza kahle kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla emvelo. Wacabanga ngezindlela zokuthola amandla ashibhile futhi amaningi, futhi wacabanga ngekusasa lapho ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu. Nakuba kungeyona yonke imibono yakhe eyasetshenziswa, imibono eminingi kaTesla kamuva yathola ukubaluleka futhi njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezidingo zomphakathi zithuthuka.
8. Ifa likaTesla kubuchwepheshe besimanje
Ifa likaTesla liyabonakala ohlelweni lukagesi lomhlaba wonke, olusathembele kumandla kagesi ashintshanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni kwama-induction motors, kanye nomgomo we-resonance, okuyingxenye yobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana. Igama lakhe alisoze lafa eyunithi yensimu yamagnetic, i-tesla (T), okubonisa iminikelo yakhe ebalulekile ku-physics kanye ne-electromagnetism.
Enkathini yanamuhla, iTesla isibe uphawu lososayensi onemibono omsebenzi wakhe udlule imingcele yokuqondisa. Abasunguli abaningi banamuhla, kungaba ngamandla, ama-elekthronikhi, noma ezokuxhumana, baphefumulelwa yisibindi sakhe sokuzama nokucabanga ngamathuba amasha.
Isiphetho
UNikola Tesla wayengumuntu obalulekile owakha ukwakheka kobuchwepheshe bezwe lanamuhla. Kusukela ezimisweni zamanje ezishintshashintshayo, ama-induction motors, kanye ne-Tesla coil, kuya emibonweni yokuxhumana okungenantambo kanye nokulawula okude, iminikelo yakhe yayihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene yesayensi nobunjiniyela. Nakuba impilo yakhe yayiphawulwe yizinselele zezimali kanye nokuncintisana okukhulu kwesayensi, imibono yakhe ihlala njalo futhi iyaqhubeka nokuthonya intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kuze kube namuhla. UTesla wafundisa ukuthi ukutholakala okukhulu akuveli njalo ngenduduzo, kodwa ngesibindi sokucabanga okungenakwenzeka nokwenza kwenzeke.
