Imfihlakalo ye-Stonehenge kanye nemibono yokwakhiwa kwayo
I-Stonehenge ingenye yezindawo zasendulo ezidumile emhlabeni. Itholakala eSalisbury Plain eWiltshire, eNgilandi, lesi sikhumbuzo esikhulu samatshe sidonse ilukuluku amakhulu eminyaka. Nakuba sibonakala silula, i-Stonehenge inobunjiniyela obuyinkimbinkimbi, uphawu, kanye nomlando omude oshiye abavubukuli, izazi-mlando, kanye nomphakathi jikelele nombuzo owodwa oyinhloko: kanjani futhi kungani yakhiwa?
Ukubona i-Stonehenge
I-Stonehenge yakhiwe izinhlobo eziningana zamatshe ahlelwe ngendilinga kanye nesakhiwo esifana ne-horseshoe. Amatshe amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi ama-sarsens, uhlobo lwetshe lesihlabathi eliqinile elingaba nesisindo samathani angamashumi. Kukhona namatshe amancane, aziwa ngokuthi ama-bluestone, avela eWales—cishe amakhilomitha angu-200 ukusuka endaweni lapho i-Stonehenge yakhiwe khona. Le nxanxathela yayingeyona nje isigaba esisodwa sokwakhiwa; i-Stonehenge yashintsha futhi yanezelwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-radiocarbon kubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi endaweni waqala cishe ngo-3000 BC, lapho kwakhiwa umsele ojikelezayo kanye nodonga lobumba. Izakhiwo ezinkulu zamatshe ezibonakala kakhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi zafakwa esigabeni esilandelayo, cishe ngo-2500 BC, nakuba le nqubo ingenzeki ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Stonehenge yayiyiphrojekthi yesikhathi eside ehilela izizukulwane eziningana.
Kungani i-Stonehenge iyimfihlakalo?
Imfihlakalo yeStonehenge ivela ezicini eziningi: ukuntuleka kwemibhalo ebhaliwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubukhulu bomsebenzi, kanye namabanga amatshe athuthwa ngawo. Asinawo "amadokhumenti ephrojekthi" yasendulo achaza injongo nezindlela zokwakha. Okusele nje ubufakazi bemivubukulo—imigodi, izinsalela zamathuluzi amatshe, izingcezu zamathambo, izimpawu zokuhlala, kanye namaphethini okuma kwezakhiwo maqondana nokuhamba kwelanga.
Imibuzo eminingi isaphikiswana ngayo: Ingabe iStonehenge yayiyithempeli? Indawo yokubuka izinto ezisemkhathini? Indawo yokungcwaba ekhethekile? Isikhungo sokuphulukisa? Noma inhlanganisela yazo zonke ezintathu?
Umbono 1: Izindawo Zokubuka Izinkanyezi Namakhalenda Esiko
Enye yezinkolelo-mbono ezithandwa kakhulu ukuthi i-Stonehenge yasebenza njengendawo ephawulekayo yezinkanyezi, ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-solstice. Ukuqondiswa kukaStonehenge kukhomba ekuphumeni kwelanga ehlobo kanye nokushona kwelanga ebusika. Lokhu kuqondiswa akuyona into engaqondakali: ukwakha izakhiwo ezihambisana nemicimbi yezinkanyezi kwakudinga ukubonwa okuphindaphindiwe kanye nolwazi oluzuzwe njengefa.
Kodwa-ke, ukubiza iStonehenge ngokuthi "indawo yokubuka izinto" ngomqondo wanamuhla kuyadukisa. Umsebenzi wayo cishe wawuyisiko futhi ungokomfanekiso kunokuba ube ngokwesayensi. I-Solstices yadlala indima ebalulekile emiphakathini yezolimo, iphawula ushintsho lwezinkathi zonyaka, izikhathi zokutshala nokuvuna, futhi isebenza njengezikhathi zokugubha eziqinisa izibopho zomphakathi.
Umbono 2: Izindawo Zokungcwaba Nezikhumbuzo Zokhokho
Ubufakazi bemivubukulo busikisela ukuthi kukhona ukungcwatshwa kwezidumbu eduze kweStonehenge, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwayo. Lokhu kuholele embonweni wokuthi iStonehenge yayiyindawo ebalulekile yokungcwaba, mhlawumbe yeqembu elithile noma iqembu elikhethekile. Emasikweni amaningi amasiko, izikhumbuzo ezinkulu zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlonipha okhokho, ukugcizelela izimangalo zendawo, noma ukuqinisa ukufaneleka komholi.
Uma iStonehenge ihlotshaniswa ngempela nokungcwatshwa, khona-ke amatshe amakhulu angabonakala “njengezikhumbuzo zenkumbulo” eziphawula izindawo ezingcwele—izikhungo ezingokomoya ezazibalulekile emphakathini obanzi. Ukuba khona kwezindlela zodwendwe kanye nezinye izakhiwo endaweni ezungezile kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi iStonehenge yayingeyodwa kodwa yayiyingxenye yenethiwekhi yesiko.
Umbono 3: Izikhungo Zokwelapha kanye “Nezindawo Zokuhambela”
Enye inkolelo-mbono ethakazelisayo isikisela ukuthi iStonehenge yayiyindawo yokuphulukisa. Lo mbono uvela ekutholakaleni kwamathambo abantu endaweni ezungeze indawo abonisa izimpawu zokulimala noma ukugula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amatshe aluhlaza aseWales ayekholelwa ukuthi anamandla akhethekile ezinganekwaneni, okwaholela ekuqageleni ukuthi la matshe awakhethwanga nje ngenxa yokutholakala kwawo kodwa ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo okungokomfanekiso noma okungokomoya.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, iStonehenge kungenzeka ukuthi yayiyisikhungo sokuhambela izindawo zokuhambela. Abantu babehamba amabanga amade ukuze bahlanganyele emasikweni okuphulukisa, bathandaze, noma bafune izibusiso ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka—ikakhulukazi imikhosi engcwele.
Ithiyori 4: Izimpawu Zobunye Bezombusazwe kanye Nemisebenzi Ehlanganisiwe
Kukhona nombono wokuthi iStonehenge yayiyiphrojekthi ekhombisa ubunye bezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ukwakha isikhumbuzo salolu hlobo kwakudinga ukuhlanganiswa, abasebenzi abaningi, izinto zokuhamba, kanye nekhono lokuhlanganisa izinsiza. Lokhu kunzima ukukufeza uma umphakathi uhlukene. Ngakho-ke, abanye abacwaningi babona iStonehenge njengophawu lokuhlanganiswa—“iphrojekthi kazwelonke” yasendulo eyayihlanganisa amaqembu avela ezifundeni ezahlukene.
Ukuba khona kwamatshe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka avela eWales kungahunyushwa njengophawu lokuxhumana phakathi kwezifunda. Ukuletha amatshe avela kude kangaka kwakungeyona nje inselele yobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi kwakuyisitatimende: kwakukhona amanethiwekhi okushintshana, ukubambisana, noma ngisho nokubusa komphakathi okwenza lo msebenzi waba nokwenzeka.
I-Stonehenge Yakhiwa Kanjani? Imibono Yobunjiniyela
Ngaphandle kokuthi "kungani," umbuzo othi "kanjani" uphinde wavusa imibono eminingi. Amatshe amakhulu e-sarsen angaba nesisindo esingaba ngamathani angu-20-30, noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphandle kwemishini yesimanje, ukuwahambisa ngabe kube yinselele enkulu.
1. Ukuthutha Amatshe Ngokusebenzisa Izingodo Namaslayidi Okhuni
Imibono yakudala isikisela ukuthi amatshe ayethuthwa kusetshenziswa izingodo zokhuni njengama-rollers, noma kusetshenziswa izileji ezidonswa abantu abaningi. Ubuso bomhlaba kungenzeka ukuthi babumanziswe noma buphathwe ngamafutha emvelo ukuze bube bushelelezi kakhulu. Nakuba kubonakala kulula, le ndlela iyaqondakala ngoba ayidingi ubuchwepheshe bensimbi obuthuthukisiwe.
2. Imizila Yamanzi Nokuthuthwa Kwama-Bluestones Avela EWales
Kuma-bluestone, umzila wezwe ongamakhilomitha angamakhulu wawubonakala ungenakwenzeka, ngakho-ke kwavela umqondo wokusebenzisa imizila yemifula neyasolwandle. Amatshe ayengathuthwa afakwe ezikebheni, ogwini, bese eyiswa emifuleni eduze kwaseSalisbury. Nakuba kuyingozi, ukuthuthwa ngamanzi kuvame ukusebenza kahle kakhulu emithwalweni esindayo.
Kukhona futhi umbono wokuthi amanye amatshe ayethwalwa yizinguzunga zeqhwa ngesikhathi seNkathi Yeqhwa abe esesetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi abaningi babheka ubufakazi balesi simo njengobuphikisanayo, njengoba ukusatshalaliswa kwamatshe afanayo kungasekeli ngokugcwele.
3. Ukuphakamisa Amatshe Ngezinsika Zobumba Nezintambo
Ukuze kumiswe itshe eliqondile, cishe kwambiwa umgodi wesisekelo ojulile, bese ugoba endaweni yawo kusetshenziswa izintambo, izibambo, kanye neqembu labadonsi. Lapho itshe selisendaweni yalo, umgodi wawugcwaliswa ngenhlabathi namatshe amancane ukuze kuqiniswe. Ukuze kubekwe itshe eliyindilinga (itshe eliyindilinga) phezulu, cishe bakha uthango lobumba noma irempu yokwenyuka itshe, base behambisa itshe esiqongweni salo.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, amanye amatshe aseStonehenge anamajoyinti afana nobuchwepheshe bokubaza i-mortise-and-tenon. Lokhu kubonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuqonda kobunjiniyela—abagcinanga nje ngokuqoqa amatshe, kodwa baklama uhlelo lokuba ahlangane.
Ubani Umakhi?
Inganekwane yake yahlobanisa uStonehenge nomthakathi uMerlin noma uhlanga lweziqhwaga. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwanamuhla lukhomba emphakathini we-Neolithic kuya ku-Early Bronze Age eBrithani. Babengebona “abasaqalayo” ngomqondo ovamile; babenolwazi lwendawo, amasiko ayinkimbinkimbi, amanethiwekhi omphakathi abanzi, kanye namakhono aqinile okuhlela.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezifana neDurrington Walls eziseduze zisikisela ukuthi imiphakathi emikhulu yayike ibuthane ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. I-Stonehenge kungenzeka ukuthi yayiyisikhungo semikhosi, kuyilapho indawo ezungezile yayisekela imisebenzi yomphakathi ebanzi—ukudla, imibuthano, ukuhweba, kanye namasiko.
Isiphetho: Imfihlakalo Ephilayo
I-Stonehenge isalokhu iyimfihlakalo hhayi ngoba asazi lutho ngayo, kodwa ngoba lesi sikhumbuzo kungenzeka ukuthi safeza izinjongo eziningi kulo lonke ukwakhiwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyindawo yemikhosi ye-solstice, inkundla yodwendwe, indawo yokungcwaba, uphawu lobunye, kanye nesikhungo esingokomoya esihlanganisa imiphakathi kuzo zonke izifunda.
Okwenza i-Stonehenge ikhange kangaka yikhono layo "lokukhuluma" ngesikhathi esidlule ngaphandle kwamazwi. Yonke imibono mayelana nokwakhiwa kwayo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imayelana namasu asetshenziswa ukuthutha amatshe noma izinjongo zawo zemicikilisho—iwumzamo wesimanje wokuqonda imicabango nezinkolelo zabantu basendulo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ayixazululwa, i-Stonehenge iyaqhubeka nokumema ucwaningo olusha, izincazelo ezintsha, kanye nomuzwa wokumangala ongapheli.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe sezemfundo kakhulu (ngezihloko ezincane zezemfundo kanye nesitayela esisemthethweni), noma sithandwe kakhulu (indaba kanye nedrama), bese ngengeza uhlu lwezinkomba zokufunda.
