Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Bezindiza
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezindiza kungenye yezimpumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla. Kusukela emizamweni yabantu yokuthobeka yokulingisa ukundiza kwezinyoni kuya ekufikeni kwezindiza ezinkulu ezikwazi ukuwela amazwekazi ngehora elilodwa, intuthuko yezindiza yaqhutshwa yinhlanganisela yesayensi, isidingo sezempi, izidingo zomnotho, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezimboni. Umlando wendiza awukona nje ukuthi ubani owaqala ukundiza, kodwa futhi umayelana nokuvela kwemiklamo, izinto zokwakha, izinjini, izinhlelo zokuhamba, kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha eziye zashintsha njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuqala Komqondo Wokundiza: Kusukela Ephusheni Kuya Ekuhlolweni
Isifiso sabantu sokundiza silotshwe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, sibonakala ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki zika-Icarus kanye nasemibhalweni ehlukahlukene yokuhlola ngamaphiko okwenziwa. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zesayensi zathuthuka ngokushesha ngesikhathi seRenaissance. Umuntu oyedwa obalulekile kwakunguLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), owadweba amadivayisi ahlukahlukene okundiza, okuhlanganisa ne-ornithopter (idivayisi enamaphiko abhakuzelayo). Nakuba imiklamo yakhe yayingasebenzi ngobuchwepheshe bangaleso sikhathi, imibono yakhe yaphefumulela ukuqonda nge-aerodynamics kanye nendlela yokundiza.
Ukungena ekhulwini le-18, ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhaluni omoya oshisayo kwaphawula isinyathelo esikhulu ezindizeni. Ngo-1783, abazalwane baseMontgolfier eFrance baphumelela ukundiza ibhaluni lomoya oshisayo. Nakuba amabhaluni ayengewona amabhaluni anamaphiko, le mpumelelo yaphawula isikhathi sokuqala abantu bekwazi ukungena nokuhlala phezulu. Ngemva kwalokho, amabhaluni alawulwayo (izindiza/ama-zeppelins) avele ngekhulu le-19, ethula umqondo wokuzulazula emoyeni okuqondiswe kakhulu.
Ukuzalwa Kwendiza Enezimpiko: Isikhathi Sokuqala (Ekupheleni Kwekhulu Le-19 - Ekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lama-20)
Umqondo wendiza yesimanje udinga izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile: iphiko elikhiqiza amandla okuphakamisa, uhlelo lokulawula, kanye nenjini enamandla ngokwanele kodwa elula. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, abacwaningi abaningana baqala ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga. U-Otto Lilienthal waseJalimane waziwa ngokuhlola kwakhe i-glider kanye nezifundo ezijulile ze-aerodynamics. Wenza amakhulu ezindiza ze-glider ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe engozini ngo-1896. Iminikelo yakhe yayibalulekile ngoba yabonisa ukuthi iphiko eliqinile lingafeza ukundiza okuzinzile.
Intuthuko enkulu yenzeka ngo-1903 lapho u-Orville noWilbur Wright e-United States bephumelela ukundiza i-Wright Flyer eKitty Hawk. Lolu hambo lubhekwa njengohambo lokuqala olulawulwayo noluqhubekayo lwendiza enamandla. Impumelelo yabazalwane bakwaWright ayibangelwanga nje injini, kodwa futhi nohlelo lokulawula olunezinhlangothi ezintathu (i-pitch, roll, kanye ne-yaw) olwavumela umshayeli wendiza ukulawula indiza ngokungaguquki. Lokhu kwakuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe bezindiza zesimanje.
IMpi Yezwe I: Umshayeli Wokusungula Izinto Ezisheshayo
IMpi Yezwe I (1914-1918) yasheshisa kakhulu ukuvela kwezindiza. Ekuqaleni ezazisetshenziselwa ukuhlola, izindiza zashintsha zaba yizindiza zokulwa namabhomu. Ubuchwepheshe bezinjini bathuthuka, izakhiwo zezindiza zaba namandla, futhi umklamo we-aerodynamic wathola ukunakwa okukhulu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izindiza ngokuvamile zazenziwe ngokhuni nangendwangu, ngezinjini ze-piston nama-propeller.
Ukuqamba okusha okubalulekile kwakuwukuvumelanisa izibhamu zomshini ne-propeller, okuvumela indiza ukuthi idubule iqonde phambili ngaphandle kokulimaza i-propeller. Lokhu kwenza izindiza zempi zaba yisikhali esibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiqondo yokwakheka komoya, ukuxhumana, kanye namaqhinga okulwa nezinja yakha intuthuko yezindiza zempi, kamuva eyathonya izindiza zomphakathi.
Isikhathi Sempi Ephakathi: Ukudlondlobala Kwezindiza Zezentengiselwano
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, ubuchwepheshe obusha baqala ukuphambukiselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwabantu abavamile. Izindiza zaqala ukuvela, nakuba ekuqaleni izindiza zazilinganiselwe, zibiza kakhulu, futhi zingaphephile njengoba zinjalo namuhla. Ngawo-1920 no-1930, izindiza zashintsha kakhulu: insimbi yaqala ukuthatha indawo yokhuni, imiklamo ye-monoplane (ephikweni elilodwa) yathandwa kakhulu, futhi izinhlelo zezinsimbi ze-cockpit zaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Enye yezindiza ezidumile ezinjalo yiDouglas DC-3, eyasungulwa ngawo-1930. Le ndiza ivame ukubhekwa njengengqophamlando ezindizeni zezentengiselwano ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kahle, induduzo elinganiselwe, kanye nokusebenza kwayo kabanzi. I-DC-3 yasiza ekwenzeni ukundiza kube yindlela yokuhamba engokoqobo emphakathini jikelele.
Impi Yezwe II: Ukuqhuma Kwezobuchwepheshe Nokuqala Kwenjini Yejethi
IMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945) yaphinde yakhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha ngezinga elikhulu. Izindiza zempi zaba zishesha, zinamandla kakhulu, futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-radar yaqala ukusetshenziswa ukuthola izindiza zesitha, kuyilapho izinhlelo zezindiza zathuthuka ngokushesha. Ubuchwepheshe bokucindezela (amakamelo acindezelwe) baqala ukucatshangelwa ukundiza ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Kodwa-ke, intuthuko eyayishintsha kakhulu kwakuyinjini yendiza. Ekupheleni kwempi, iJalimane yayisisebenzisa i-Messerschmitt Me 262, indiza yokuqala yokulwa. Izinjini zendiza zazinikeza isivinini kanye nokusebenza okudlula kakhulu izindiza ezinenjini ye-piston. Nakuba zazisalokhu zinokwethenjelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okulinganiselwe, isikhathi sendiza sase siqalile, sashintsha inkambo yobuchwepheshe bezindiza unomphela.
Isikhathi Sezindiza Nezindiza Eziningi (1950-1970)
Ngemva kwempi, ubuchwepheshe bezindiza baqala ukusetshenziswa ezindizeni zezentengiselwano. I-British de Havilland Comet yaba yindiza yokuqala yabagibeli, yize yayinezinkinga zokukhathala kwensimbi ezafundisa imboni ukubaluleka komklamo wesakhiwo kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha okuqinile. Kamuva, i-Boeing 707 yaba uphawu lwempumelelo yesikhathi sezindiza, ivula imizila yezindiza yamazwe ngamazwe esheshayo nesebenza kahle.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izikhumulo zezindiza zanda ngokushesha, izinhlelo zokuzulazula ngomsakazo zaba yizindinganiso, futhi ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi yezindiza kwahlanganiswa kakhulu. Ezinye izinto ezintsha zazihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-aluminium eziqinile nezilula, kanye nezindinganiso zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezindiza ezithuthukisiwe.
Inhloso enkulu yezobuchwepheshe phakathi nalesi sikhathi yabonakala ezindizeni zezokuthutha ezisebenzisa i-supersonic (SST) njengeConcorde, ekwazi ukundiza ngokushesha kunesivinini somsindo. Naphezu kokuba uphawu lwezobuchwepheshe, iConcorde yayinezindleko zokusebenza eziphakeme kanye nemiphumela ebalulekile yemvelo nomsindo, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo.
I-Avionics kanye neNguquko Yokusebenza Kahle (1980–2000)
Kusukela ngawo-1980, ukugxila kwashintsha kwaba ukusetshenziswa kahle kukaphethiloli, ukuphepha, kanye nokuzisebenzela. Izizukulwane ezintsha zezindiza zasebenzisa izinjini ze-turbofan ezisebenzisa uphethiloli kahle futhi ezithule. Izinhlelo ze-fly-by-wire zaqala ukwamukelwa kabanzi, zathatha indawo yezilawuli zemishini ngamasignali kagesi. I-Airbus yayiyiphayona elikhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-fly-by-wire ezindizeni zezentengiselwano, okwenza kube lula ukuvikela izindiza kanye nokunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi womshayeli.
Ngasohlangothini lwezinto zokwakha, imboni isiqalile ukusebenzisa izinto ezihlanganisiwe njenge-carbon fiber ukunciphisa isisindo sezindiza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla. Izinhlelo zokuhamba nazo ziye zashintsha kakhulu ngokwethulwa kwe-GPS, ama-autopilot aqonde kakhulu, kanye nama-cockpits engilazi (amaphaneli ezinsimbi zedijithali) athatha indawo yemigqa yama-analog gauges.
Ikhulu lama-21: Izinhlanganisela, Ukwenziwa Kwedijithali, kanye Nezinselele Zemvelo
Njengoba zingena ekhulwini lama-21, izindiza ezifana ne-Boeing 787 Dreamliner kanye ne-Airbus A350 zibonisa ukubusa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe esakhiweni esiyinhloko sezindiza. Izinhlanganisela zenza izindiza zibe lula, zingagqwali kakhulu, futhi zivumela imiklamo ye-aerodynamic eyengeziwe. Izinjini zesizukulwane esisha zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhulu babalandeli kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula zedijithali ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha nokuxhumana kubalulekile. Izindiza zanamuhla zihlonyiswe ngezinzwa eziqoqa idatha yesikhathi sangempela yenjini kanye nesimo sesakhiwo, zisekela ukulungiswa kokubikezela. Izinhlelo zokuphatha izindiza (i-FMS) ziya ngokuya ziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukuhlanganiswa namasathelayithi kwandisa ububanzi bokuxhumana kanye nokulandelela izindiza.
Kodwa-ke, inselele enkulu namuhla umthelela wemvelo. Imboni yezindiza ibhekene nezidingo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni nomsindo. Imizamo ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezindiza oqhubekayo (i-SAF), ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindiza, ucwaningo ngezindiza zikagesi noma ezixubile, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-hydrogen njengomthombo wamandla ohlukile. Nakuba kungakathuthukiswa ngokugcwele, lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kunamandla okuphawula isahluko esisha emlandweni wezindiza.
Isiphetho
Umlando wobuchwepheshe bezindiza uwuhambo olude, kusukela ephusheni lomuntu lokundiza kuya ekudalweni kohlelo lokuhamba oluyinkimbinkimbi lomhlaba wonke. Isikhathi ngasinye—kusukela ekuhlolweni kwe-glider, izimpi zomhlaba ezasheshisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ukuzalwa kwenjini yejethi, kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwedijithali kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe—kwabeka isisekelo sentuthuko eyalandela. Esikhathini esizayo, izindiza kulindeleke ukuthi zingagcini nje ngokuba zishesha futhi ziphephe, kodwa futhi zibe nobungane nemvelo futhi ziqhubeke isikhathi eside. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo, izindiza zesikhathi esizayo cishe zizoba zisebenza kahle kakhulu, zihlakaniphe, futhi mhlawumbe zisebenzise imithombo yamandla ehluke ngokuphelele kunaleyo esiyaziyo namuhla.
