Imibono Ephathelene Nezinkathi Zeqhwa Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
Izikhathi zeqhwa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyizinto ezimbili ezibalulekile emlandweni woMhlaba ezithinte izimiso zemvelo, ukuma komhlaba, kanye nokuphila emhlabeni. Nakuba zenzeka ngezikali zesikhathi ezihlukene kakhulu, zixhumene futhi zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile mayelana nokuguquguquka kwemvelo okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngemibono ezungeze izikhathi zeqhwa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nendlela ezithintana ngayo.
Incazelo yeNkathi Yeqhwa
Inkathi yeqhwa, noma inkathi yeqhwa, iyinkathi emlandweni woMhlaba lapho amazinga okushisa omhlaba ehla kakhulu, okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwamaqabunga amakhulu eqhwa emazwenikazi. Inkathi yeqhwa edume kakhulu yi-Quaternary Ice Age, eyaqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-2,58 edlule futhi iyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, yize okwamanje sisesigabeni sokuhlangana kweqhwa.
Ithiyori Yemijikelezo yaseMilankovitch
Enye yezinkolelo-mbono eziyinhloko ezichaza izimbangela zezikhathi zeqhwa yiMilankovitch Cycles, eyaphakanyiswa yisazi sezinkanyezi saseSerbia uMilutin Milankovitch ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Le nkolelo-mbono ithi izinguquko esimweni sezulu soMhlaba zibangelwa ukushintshashintsha kokujikeleza koMhlaba kanye nokuqondiswa kwawo elangeni. Kunezinto ezintathu eziyinhloko emjikelezweni weMilankovitch:
1. Ukuma okuqondile: Ukuma komjikelezo woMhlaba kuyashintsha kusuka ekubeni yindilinga kuya ekubeni yi-elliptical emjikelezweni weminyaka engaba yi-100.000.
2. Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu: Ukuthambekela kwe-axis yokujikeleza koMhlaba kuyashintshashintsha emjikelezweni weminyaka engaba ngu-26.000.
3. Ukuthambekela (Ukungaguquguquki): I-engeli yokuthambekela kwe-axis yoMhlaba ekujikelezeni kwayo ishintsha kusukela cishe ku-22,1° kuya ku-24,5° emjikelezweni weminyaka engaba ngu-41.000.
Izinguquko kulezi zinto ezintathu zithinta ukusatshalaliswa kanye namandla emisebe yelanga etholwa nguMhlaba, okungabangela izinkathi zeqhwa kanye nezikhathi zeqhwa.
Ubufakazi Bezinto Eziphilayo kanye Nokuthuthwa Kwenhlabathi
Kunobufakazi obuningi be-geological obusekela inkolelo-mbono yesikhathi seqhwa. Ama-Morena deposits, ayiqoqo lezinto zomhlabathi kanye namadwala ezithwalwa yiziqhwa, atholakale ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ice cores ethathwe eziqwini zeqhwa zaseGreenland nase-Antarctica iqukethe amabhamuza omoya asendulo avumela ososayensi ukuthi batadishe izimo zezulu zesikhathi esidlule. Ukuhlaziywa kwama-isotope e-oxygen ku-foaminifera kusuka ezidakeni zasemanzini olwandle nakho kunikeza ulwazi mayelana namazinga okushisa olwandle adlule.
Ukuqonda Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubhekisela ezinguqukweni zesikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, amaphethini emvula, kanye nezinye izenzakalo zomkhathi eMhlabeni. Nakuba ushintsho lwesimo sezulu luye lwenzeka kuwo wonke umlando woMhlaba, ukunaka kwamanje kugxile kakhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu okuthonywe yimisebenzi yabantu, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuguqukeni kwezimboni.
Amagesi Avikela Ukushisa kanye Nomphumela Wegesi Avikela Ukushisa
Amagesi agcina ukushisa, njenge-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-methane (CH4), i-nitrous oxide (N2O), kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi (H2O), adlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Lawa magesi avumela ukukhanya kwelanga ukuthi kungene emkhathini woMhlaba kodwa avimbela eminye yemisebe ye-infrared ekhishwa ubuso boMhlaba ukuthi ingabuyeli emkhathini, okudala umphumela wokushisa ukushisa. Ngaphandle komphumela wokushisa ukushisa wemvelo, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile loMhlaba beliyoba libanda kakhulu, cishe ngo-18°C uma kuqhathaniswa no-15°C wamanje.
Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi yabantu efana nokushiswa kwezinto zokubasa, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nemikhuba yesimanje yezolimo kwandisa ukugcwala kwamagesi okushisa emkhathini, okuholele ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi komhlaba likhuphuke cishe ngo-1°C, okunomthelela omkhulu ezintweni eziphilayo, izimo zezulu, kanye namazinga olwandle.
Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kwezinkathi Zeqhwa Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
Nakuba izikhathi zeqhwa kanye noshintsho lwesimo sezulu sanamuhla kwenzeka ngezikali zesikhathi ezahlukene, kukhona ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwalokhu okubili. Isibonelo, ngezikhathi zeqhwa, ukwehla kwamazinga okushisa kuholela eqhweni elikhulu lolwandle kanye namashidi eqhwa, okwandisa i-albedo yoMhlaba (ukukhanya). Lokhu kubangela ukuthi uMhlaba uphinde ubonise imisebe yelanga eningi emkhathini, okwenza kube nzima ukupholisa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngezikhathi zeqhwa eliphakathi, ukuncibilika kweqhwa kunciphisa i-albedo, kwandisa ukumuncwa kwemisebe yelanga, futhi kubangele ukufudumala.
Idatha yomoya yangaphambilini ikhombisa ukuthi ngezikhathi zeqhwa, amazinga e-CO2 omoya ayephansi. Ukwanda kokugcinwa kwekhabhoni olwandle nasemhlabeni, kanye nokuncipha komsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo nowentaba-mlilo, kwaba nomthelela kulokhu. Njengoba uMhlaba uphuma ezikhathini zeqhwa futhi ungena ezikhathini zeqhwa, i-CO2 yakhululwa yabuyela emkhathini, okwaba negalelo ekufudumaleni komhlaba.
Izinselele Nezixazululo Zokubhekana Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu kubantu njengamanje. Imiphumela yako ifinyelela kude futhi ifaka phakathi ukwanda kwezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izinguquko emaphethini emvula, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezindawo zemvelo zasolwandle nezasemhlabeni.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa amasu amaningana okunciphisa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu:
1. Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Ye-CO2: Esinye sezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-CO2 ngokusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo njengelanga, umoya, namanzi; ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla; kanye nokufaka esikhundleni samafutha emvelo ngezinye izindlela ezihlanzekile.
2. Ukubanjwa Nokugcinwa Kwekhabhoni (CCS): Lobu buchwepheshe buhlose ukubamba i-CO2 emithonjeni emikhulu yokukhishwa kwegesi njengezitshalo zamandla bese uyigcina ngaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni eziphephile ze-geological.
3. Ukuvuselelwa Kwesistimu Yezinto Eziphilayo: Ngokusebenzisa amaphrojekthi okuvuselela amahlathi kanye nokuvuselela izindawo ezinamanzi, singandisa ukumuncwa kwe-CO2 emkhathini futhi sinikeze indawo yokuhlala yezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene.
4. Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nokunciphisa Izimo: Izinguquko ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ekwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu, kanye nokulungiswa kwezinqubomgomo zezolimo nakho kuyadingeka ukuze kubhekanwe nemiphumela engenakugwenywa.
Isiphetho
Izikhathi zeqhwa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyizinto ezimbili zemvelo ezixhumene ezithinta kakhulu impilo eMhlabeni. Ithiyori yeMilankovitch Cycles inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezimbangela zemvelo zezikhathi zeqhwa, kuyilapho ukuhlaziywa kwesimanje kwamagesi okushisa komhlaba kanye nemisebenzi yabantu kusiza ukuchaza ushintsho lwesimo sezulu lwamanje. Ngokuhlanganiswa kocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nemizamo yokunciphisa, singathola izindlela zokusabela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nokuvikela imvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
