Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa KobuKhomanisi Emhlabeni
UbuKhomanisi, umbono wezepolitiki nowezomnotho okhuthaza ukuqedwa kwempahla yangasese kanye nokwakhiwa komphakathi ongenazo izigaba, unomlando omude noyinkimbinkimbi. Kusukela ekuqalweni kwawo ngekhulu le-19, ubuKhomanisi bube nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlakeni zomphakathi, zezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho zamazwe amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi sihloko sizohlola intuthuko yobuKhomanisi kusukela ezimpandeni zayo zokuqala kuya endimeni yayo kwezombusazwe zomhlaba namuhla.
Izimpande Zemibono: UMarx no-Engels
Ubukhomanisi banamuhla buhlotshaniswa kakhulu noKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels, izihlakaniphi ezimbili zaseJalimane ezahlola umqondo we-utopian womphakathi ongenazigaba. Ngo-1848, bashicilela i-"Communist Manifesto," benxusa abasebenzi emhlabeni wonke ukuba bahlangane ngokumelene nokuxhashazwa kobungxowankulu. UMarx no-Engels bachaza umlando njengochungechunge lwezingxabano zezigaba phakathi kwabacindezelwe nabanamandla, futhi babheka uguquko lwabasebenzi njengendlela yokukhululwa ohlelweni lobungxowankulu olucindezelayo.
Ngokusho kukaMarx no-Engels, emphakathini wamaKhomanisi, izindlela zokukhiqiza zaziyoba ngezomuntu ngamunye, kanti ukusatshalaliswa kwezimpahla kwakuzosekelwa ezidingweni hhayi enzuzweni. Umqondo wabo wawusekelwe ekugxekweni kobungxowankulu, ababekubona njengohlelo olungadali nje kuphela ukungalingani kwezomnotho kodwa futhi oluphuca abantu inkululeko yabo.
Uguquko LwaseRussia kanye Nokwakhiwa KweSoviet Union
Esinye sezenzakalo ezibalulekile emlandweni ekuthuthukisweni kobukhomanisi kwaba yiNguquko yaseRussia ka-1917. AmaBolshevik, iqembu leQembu lamaKhomanisi laseRussia eliholwa nguVladimir Lenin, aphumelela ekugumbuqeleni uHulumeni Wesikhashana waseRussia futhi asungula uhulumeni wokuqala wamaKhomanisi emhlabeni. ULenin washintsha izimfundiso zikaMarx ukuze zivumelane nezimo zaseRussia, okwahlukanisa imibono kaMarx yokuqala.
Ukusungulwa kweSoviet Union ngaphansi kobuholi bukaLenin kwabe sekuqhubeka noJoseph Stalin ngemva kokushona kukaLenin ngo-1924. Ngaphansi kombuso kaStalin, iSoviet Union yabhekana nokukhula kwezimboni okusheshayo kodwa ngezindleko ezinkulu zomphakathi, okuhlanganisa nokuhlanzwa okunonya kwezepolitiki kanye nokusebenza ngenkani eGulag. Noma kunjalo, iSoviet Union yaba ngelinye lamandla amakhulu emhlabeni ngekhulu lama-20 kanye nomsakazi omkhulu wemibono yobuKhomanisi.
Ukwanda KobuKhomanisi E-Asia: Icala LaseShayina
E-Asia, ubukhomanisi baba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kweRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina ngo-1949 ngemuva kwempi yombango ende. Umholi wamaKhomanisi aseShayina uMao Zedong wanqoba iKuomintang futhi wasebenzisa izinguquko ezinkulu zezolimo kanye nezinqubomgomo zezimboni. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaMao, iShayina yabhekana nokuxokozela kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, okuhlanganisa neNguquko Yamasiko kanye ne-Great Leap Forward, okwabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwabantu kanye nomnotho.
Ngemva kokushona kukaMao ngo-1976, uDeng Xiaoping wathatha izintambo waqala ukwethula izinguquko zomnotho ezavula izimakethe zaseShayina ezweni langaphandle. Ngenkathi egcina ukulawula okuqinile kwezepolitiki, uDeng waphumelela ekuguquleni iShayina ibe amandla amakhulu kwezomnotho ngendlela ehlanganisa izici zemakethe ngaphakathi komongo wesistimu yeqembu elilodwa.
Impi Yomshoshaphansi Nokusabalala KobuKhomanisi Bomhlaba Wonke
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayiyinye inkathi ebalulekile emlandweni wentuthuko yobukhomanisi. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, umhlaba wahlukaniswa waba amaqembu amabili aphikisanayo: iqembu laseNtshonalanga, eliholwa yi-United States enombono wayo wobukhapitali-wentando yeningi, kanye neqembu laseMpumalanga, eliholwa yiSoviet Union enombono wayo wobukomanisi.
Amazwe amaningi eMpumalanga Yurophu, njengePoland, iRomania, kanye neMpumalanga Jalimane, aba amazwe angaphansi kwethonya leSoviet Union, esebenzisa imodeli kahulumeni wobukhomanisi. Kwezinye izindawo, njengase-Afrika naseLatin America, kwavela izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zamavukelambuso zobukhomanisi, ngokuvamile ngokusekelwa yiSoviet Union noma iShayina.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe asekelwa yi-US kanye nalawo asekela iSoviet Union zazivame ukwenzeka, njengaseKorea naseVietnam. EVietnam, ngemva kwempi ende eyaphela ngo-1975, izwe lahlanganiswa ngaphansi kokubusa kwamakhomanisi.
Inkinga Nokuwa KobuKhomanisi BaseSoviet
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, iSoviet Union kanye nabalingani bayo baqala ukubhekana nenkinga enkulu yezomnotho neyezepolitiki. Izinguquko ezethulwe nguMikhail Gorbachev, njengePerestroika (ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezomnotho) kanye neGlasnost (ukuvuleleka kwezepolitiki), azikwazanga ukusindisa uhlelo olwaluseluseduze nokuwa.
Ngo-1991, iSoviet Union yahlakazeka ngokusemthethweni, okwaphawula ukuphela kokubusa kobukhomanisi eMpumalanga Yurophu. Izifundazwe eziningi ezaziyiSoviet kanye namasathelayithi azo zaqala ukushintshela emnothweni wemakethe kanye nezinhlelo zezepolitiki zentando yeningi, yize lokhu kuguquka kwakungahlali kushelela.
UbuKhomanisi Ekhulwini Lama-21
Nakuba ithonya lomhlaba wonke lobuKhomanisi liye lehla kusukela ekuweni kweSoviet Union, imfundiso isakhona futhi isebenza kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. IShayina isalokhu iyizwe lobuKhomanisi eliphumelele kakhulu kwezomnotho, yize inemodeli esetshenziswe kakhulu kubuKhomanisi. INorth Korea isalokhu iyisibonelo sezwe elinokulawulwa okuqinile kobuKhomanisi, yize ithathe indlela ehluke kakhulu, ikhombisa uhlobo olubi kakhulu lobushiqela.
ELatin America, amanye amazwe, njengeCuba neVenezuela, asaqhubeka nohulumeni abaphefumulelwe yizimiso zobuKhomanisi, naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele ezahlukene zezomnotho nezepolitiki. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekelwe emibonweni kaMarxist nazo zisabalulekile ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezishoshovu ezilwela ubulungiswa bezenhlalo nezomnotho.
Isiphetho
Umlando wentuthuko yobukhomanisi emhlabeni wonke uyindaba ethakazelisayo yomzabalazo wezigaba, ukuguqulwa komphakathi, kanye noshintsho lwezepolitiki. Kusukela kuMarx no-Engels, abaqala ukwakha imibono yabo eyisisekelo, ngezinguquko ezinkulu eRussia naseShayina, kuya empini yomhlaba wonke yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ubukhomanisi bushiye uphawu olujulile emlandweni wesintu. Nakuba ithonya labo liye lehla uma kuqhathaniswa nethonya labo elikhulu ekhulwini lama-20, imibono yobukhomanisi isasebenza futhi ithonya amandla ezepolitiki kanye nomphakathi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
