Umlando Omude We-Samurai Nekhodi Ye-Bushido
I-Pendahuluan
AmaSamurai ayengamaqhawe aphambili aseJapan aphila kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwele-19. Ayengaziwa nje kuphela ngamakhono awo empini kodwa futhi nangemithetho yawo eqinile yokuziphatha, eyaziwa ngokuthi iBushido. IBushido, ngokwezwi nezwi okusho ukuthi "Indlela Yeqhawe," yayiyiqoqo lemithetho nezimiso zokuziphatha ezazibusa zonke izici zokuphila kwamaSamurai. Lesi sihloko sizohlola umlando omude wamaSamurai kanye nemithetho yokuziphatha ababeyigcina.
Umsuka wamaSamurai
Igama elithi "samurai" livela egameni elithi "saburau," elisho "ukukhonza." Ekuqaleni, ama-samurai ayeyisigaba samaqhawe esasinomsebenzi wokuvikela abanikazi bomhlaba kanye nezikhulu eziphezulu ngesikhathi sikaHeian (794-1185). Ukukhula kwamandla ama-samurai kwabonakala phakathi nalesi sikhathi, njengoba imindeni emikhulu efana neTaira neMinamoto yayilwela amandla.
Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sikaHeian, isizwe sikaMinamoto sanqoba ngempumelelo isizwe sikaTaira kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iMpi kaGenpei (1180-1185), okwagcina kuqinise isikhundla samasamurai esakhiweni sezombusazwe saseJapane. Ngesikhathi sikaKamakura (1185-1333), amasamurai aba yiqembu elikhulu kuhulumeni ngemuva kokuba iMinamoto noYoritomo isungule iKamakura Shogunate ngo-1192.
Ikhodi ye-Bushido
I-Bushido akuyona incwadi esemthethweni eyadalwa ngesikhathi esithile, kodwa isethi yezindinganiso ezashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Bushido ihlanganisa izimiso ezifana nokwethembeka, isibindi, ububele, inhlonipho, ubuqotho, udumo, nokwethembeka. Ezingeni elingokomoya, i-Bushido ihlanganisa nemikhuba nemibono yobuBuddha be-Zen kanye nethonya elivela kubuShinto nobuConfucian.
1. Gi (Ukwethembeka kanye nobulungiswa)
AmaSamurai kumele ahlale ethembekile futhi enobulungisa, kokubili ngezenzo zawo kanye nemicabango yawo. Iqiniso liyisisekelo sazo zonke izinqumo.
2. Yu (Isibindi)
Isibindi okukhulunywa ngaso kuBushido sihlanganisa kokubili isibindi sokuziphatha nesomzimba. I-samurai yayidingeka hhayi nje kuphela ukuze ibe nesibindi empini, kodwa futhi nokuba nesibindi lapho ibhekene namaqiniso anzima.
3. UJin (Uzwela)
Njengoba enamandla amakhulu, i-samurai kumele ibe nesihawu futhi isebenzise amandla ayo ukuvikela labo ababuthakathaka.
4. Rei (Inhlonipho)
AmaSamurai ayedingeka njalo ukuba abonise inhlonipho kubangane bawo, abangaphansi kwawo, kanye nezitha zawo. Inhlonipho yayiyinto ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni nabantu.
5. UMakoto (Ubuqotho Nobuqotho)
Wonke amazwi ayekhulunywa yi-samurai kwakufanele athembeke. Kwakumelwe azinikele ezwini lawo ngobuqotho obuphelele.
6. UMeiyo (Ohloniphekile)
Udumo luyisimiso esiqondisa ama-samurai. Ukulahlekelwa yilo kusho ukulahlekelwa yikho konke, ngakho-ke yonke into kanye nesinqumo kumele kusekelwe odumoni ngaso sonke isikhathi.
7. UChugi (Ukwethembeka)
Ukwethembeka okungapheli enkosini yomuntu kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwe-samurai. Lokhu kwethembeka kwadlulela nasemindenini nakubangane bakhe.
Inkazimulo Noshintsho LweSamurai
Usuku lokuqhakaza kwama-samurai lwenzeka ngesikhathi sikaMuromachi (1336–1573) kanye nesikhathi sikaSengoku (1467–1615). Lesi kwakuyisikhathi lapho imindeni yama-samurai yayinamandla futhi impi phakathi kwemindeni yayivamile. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izibhamu zalethwa eJapane ngabadayisi basePutukezi, okwathonya kancane indlela yendabuko yempi yama-samurai, eyayithembele kakhulu ezinkembeni (katanas) naseminsalweni.
Ngo-1603, uTokugawa Ieyasu waphumelela ekuhlanganiseni iJapane nokusungula iTokugawa Shogunate, eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1868. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sase-Edo, nakuba babesenesikhundla esiphakeme emphakathini, indima yezempi yama-samurai yancishiswa ngoba leso sikhathi sasizinzile kakhulu futhi kunezingxabano ezimbalwa.
AmaSamurai Ezikhathini Zanamuhla
Isikhathi sase-Edo saphela ngokubuyiselwa kweMeiji ngo-1868, okwaletha iJapan kusukela enkathini yobushiqela kuya kweyesimanje. Ukubuyiselwa kweMeiji kwaletha izinguquko eziningi, okuhlanganisa nokuqedwa kohlelo lwesigaba olwanciphisa isimo kanye nendima yama-samurai. Kwasungulwa ibutho lesizwe laseJapan, lathatha indawo yama-samurai njengebutho lokuzivikela eliyinhloko.
Nakuba indima yomzimba yama-samurai emphakathini yehlile, izindinganiso zikaBushido zisaphila futhi ziphilile, ziba yingxenye yokuziphatha nokusebenza kahle kwaseJapane. Imibono efana nokwethembeka, udumo, nobuqotho, ethathwe kuBushido, isaziswa kakhulu ekuqeqeshweni kwezempi kwanamuhla kwaseJapane kanye nokuziphatha kwebhizinisi.
Ithonya lamaSamurai Emasikweni Athandwayo
USamurai noBushido babe nethonya elikhulu emasikweni athandwayo, hhayi eJapane kuphela kodwa nasemhlabeni jikelele. USamurai ube yisihloko semisebenzi eminingi yezincwadi, amafilimu, kanye nobuciko. Imidwebo yama-samurai ivame ukuhilela izimo ezinkulu ezihlanganisa ikhono lokulwa nezinkinga zokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi, kugcizelelwa izimiso zikaBushido.
Amafilimu afana ne-“The Last Samurai,” kanye nemisebenzi ka-Akira Kurosawa efana ne-“Seven Samurai” kanye ne-“Yojimbo” aveze ubuhle nokuziphatha kwe-samurai ezilalelini zomhlaba wonke. Ngisho nasemasikweni aseNtshonalanga, umqondo weqhawe uvame ukwenziwa ube mnandi ngezindlela ezifana nekaBushido.
Isiphetho
Umlando wama-samurai kanye nekhodi ye-Bushido kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando namasiko aseJapan. Ama-Samurai ayengewona nje amaqhawe anekhono empini kodwa futhi ayengabantu ababephila ngezimiso zokuziphatha eziqinile. Ikhodi ye-Bushido inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngokuziphatha komsebenzi, udumo, kanye nokuziphatha okudlula isikhathi nendawo.
Ama-samurai asehambile kudala, kodwa umoya wawo kanye nezindinganiso zawo ziyaqhubeka, zikhuthaza kokubili eJapane nasemhlabeni jikelele. Ifa lama-samurai noBushido lisikhumbuza ukubaluleka kokuphila impilo ngobuqotho, isibindi, kanye nenhlonipho.
