Ithonya LamaRoma Emthethweni Wanamuhla Nohulumeni
I-Pendahuluan
Umlando uqopha ukuthi impucuko yamaRoma ishiye uphawu olujulile ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila kwanamuhla, okuhlanganisa umthetho kanye nohulumeni. UMbuso WaseRoma, owaqhubeka kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 BC kuya ekhulwini lesi-5 AD, washiya ifa eliyigugu emhlabeni. Ngokusebenzisa imithetho ngendlela ehlelekile kanye nesakhiwo sikahulumeni esihlelekile, iRoma yasungula ngempumelelo isisekelo esiqinile somthetho kanye nohulumeni ezizweni eziningi zanamuhla.
Umthetho WamaRoma kanye Nokuhlelwa Komthetho
Omunye weminikelo emikhulu yeRoma ezweni lanamuhla uhlelo lwayo lwezomthetho. Umthetho wamaRoma, noma "i-Ius Romanum," wawuhlanganisa izici ezahlukene zokuphila futhi wanikeza isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zomthetho emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Ingqophamlando ebalulekile emthethweni wamaRoma kwaba ukubhalwa komthetho wamaRoma nguMbusi uJustinian I ngekhulu lesi-6 AD, okwaziwa ngokuthi iCorpus Juris Civilis, noma "uMthetho Wezombangazwe." Lokhu kubhalwa kwakuqukethe imithetho ehlelekile futhi ephelele, ehlanganisa izici ezahlukene njengomthetho wezombangazwe, umthetho wobugebengu, umthetho wokuphatha, kanye nomthetho wezohwebo.
I-Corpus Juris Civilis kamuva yaba yisisekelo sezinhlelo zomthetho zaseYurophu amakhulu eminyaka futhi isalokhu inethonya nanamuhla. Izinhlelo eziningi zomthetho zaseYurophu naseLatin America ziye zamukela izinto ezibalulekile emthethweni waseRoma. Eqinisweni, amagama asemthethweni anjengelithi "contractus" (inkontileka), "obligatio" (isibopho), "delictum" (delict), kanye nelithi "ius" (kwesokudla) asuselwa olimini lwesiLatini futhi asasetshenziswa emagama asemthethweni anamuhla.
Uhlelo Lukahulumeni WaseRoma
Ngaphandle komthetho, iRoma nayo yayinethonya elikhulu ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni wanamuhla. Enye yezinto ezintsha zamaRoma kuhulumeni kwakuwumqondo weriphabhulikhi kanye nentando yeningi emele. ERiphabhulikhi yaseRoma yakuqala (509–27 BC), uhlelo lukahulumeni lwalusekelwe ezimisweni zentando yeningi emele, lapho izakhamuzi zazinelungelo lokukhetha abameleli bazo eSenate nakwamanye amalunga.
ISenate yaseRoma yayiyindikimba kahulumeni enethonya elikhulu, isebenza njengendikimba yokweluleka eyakhiwa yizicukuthwane kanye nezicukuthwane. Yadlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zombuso, futhi imodeli yayo yaphefumulela izinhlelo eziningi zephalamende zanamuhla emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wama-consul, asebenza njengomphathi ophindwe kabili onemigomo elinganiselwe, ubonisa isimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwamandla esamukelwa yintando yeningi eminingi namuhla.
Isimiso Sokubusa Komthetho
Isimiso sokubusa komthetho siyifa elibalulekile laseRoma futhi sisetshenziswa kabanzi ekubuseni kwanamuhla. Emthethweni wamaRoma, umthetho wawuyigunya eliphakeme elibusa impilo yomphakathi neyezepolitiki, futhi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, wayengaphansi kwawo. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokufeza ubulungiswa nokuzinza komphakathi.
Enkathini yanamuhla, isimiso sokubusa komthetho sesibe yisisekelo esiyinhloko sentando yeningi kanye nokubusa komthetho. Ubulungiswa obuzimele, ukubusa komthetho, kanye namalungelo abantu kungenye yezici ezisekelwe emasikweni ezomthetho aseRoma. Amazwe afana ne-United States, i-United Kingdom, iJalimane, namanye amaningi athonywe kakhulu yilesi simiso emithethweni yawo kanye nasezinhlelweni zokwahlulela.
Izimiso Zomthetho Wemvelo
Kufilosofi yezomthetho yamaRoma, umqondo womthetho wemvelo (jus naturale) wawunethonya elikhulu. Umthetho wemvelo ubhekisela kusethi yezimiso zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengezivamile futhi ezisebenza kubo bonke abantu, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni nasekucabangeni. Izazi zefilosofi zamaRoma ezifana noCicero zathuthukisa umqondo wokuthi umthetho wemvelo wawungumthombo ophakeme womthetho okufanele uqondise umthetho kanye nenqubomgomo.
Lezi zimiso zomthetho wemvelo zaba yisisekelo sefilosofi yezomthetho neyezepolitiki ngesikhathi sokuKhanyiselwa futhi zasebenza njengesisekelo senkolelo-mbono yamalungelo abantu. ISimemezelo Sokuzimela sase-United States kanye neSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu kwathonywa kakhulu yile mibono. Umthetho wemvelo wanikeza isisekelo sokuziphatha sokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kanye nokusetshenziswa kobulungiswa obuchaza uhulumeni wanamuhla.
Umqondo Wokuqiniseka Kwezomthetho
AmaRoma aphinde asungula umqondo wokuqiniseka ngokomthetho, okusho ukuthi imithetho kufanele icace, ibikezelwe, futhi icace. Lo mqondo uhlose ukuhlinzeka ngokuqiniseka kubantu ngabanye namabhizinisi ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo, ngaphandle kokungaqiniseki ngokomthetho okungaba yingozi. Ezinhlelweni zomthetho zanamuhla, ukuqiniseka ngokomthetho kuyisimiso esibalulekile esiqinisekisa ukuvikelwa ekucindezelweni ngokomthetho nasekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla.
EYurophu, ukuqiniseka ngokomthetho kwaqaliswa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zomthetho ezibhaliwe, ukubhalwa kwemithetho, kanye nemfundiso ye-stare decisis (isibonelo somthetho). Lokhu kwanikeza isakhiwo nokuzinza ohlelweni lwezomthetho, okwenza izakhamuzi ziqonde kangcono futhi zilandele umthetho. Ukuqiniseka ngokomthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lwezomthetho luyithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokulawula impilo yezenhlalo nezomnotho ngendlela efanele.
Uhlelo Lokuphatha kanye Nehhovisi
AmaRoma ashiye nefa eliqinile ekuphatheni nasebubusweni. UMbuso WaseRoma wawudume ngohlelo lwawo lokuphatha olusebenza kahle noluhlelekile, oluhlanganisa konke kusukela enteleni kanye namabutho ahlomile kuya ekuphathweni kwamadolobha nezifundazwe. AmaRoma aletha uhla lwezikhundla olucacile kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, okuvumela uhulumeni wawo ukuthi uhlale uzinzile futhi usebenza kahle naphezu kokubusa indawo enkulu.
Uhlelo lokuphatha lwamaRoma lwalusebenza njengesibonelo kohulumeni abaningi banamuhla. Isakhiwo sehhovisi esisebenzayo nesihlelekile sibalulekile ekubuseni okuphumelelayo kanye nokuphendula inqubomgomo yomphakathi. Amazwe amaningi, okuhlanganisa i-United States, i-Europe, ne-Asia, amukele lezi zimiso zokuphatha ekwakheni izakhiwo zawo zikahulumeni.
I-Penutup
Ithonya leRoma emthethweni nakuhulumeni wanamuhla liwubufakazi bendlela imiphakathi yasendulo enganikeza ngayo ifa eliyigugu elihlala njalo kuyo yonke iminyaka. Kusukela ezinhlelweni zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi kuya ezimisweni zentando yeningi emele, kusukela ekubusweni komthetho kuya ekuphathweni okuphumelelayo, ifa leRoma liyaqhubeka nokubumba izisekelo zezinhlelo eziningi zomthetho nezohulumeni ezweni lanamuhla. Ngokuqonda nokwazisa leli fa, singakha futhi silondoloze izinhlelo zomthetho nezohulumeni ezinobulungiswa, ezisebenza kahle, futhi ezisabela ezidingweni zomphakathi.
