# Imvelaphi yoMbuso wamaMajapahit kanye nethonya lawo
UMbuso WamaMajapahit wawungomunye wemibuso emikhulu nenamandla kakhulu eziqhingini zase-Indonesia. Umbuso, osekelwe e-East Java, wafinyelela esicongweni sawo ngekhulu le-14 ngaphansi kokuqondiswa yiNkosi uHayam Wuruk kanye nondunankulu wakhe odumile, uGajah Mada. Lesi sihloko sizohlola imvelaphi yoMbuso WamaMajapahit kanye nethonya elashiya ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila eziqhingini zase-Indonesia.
## Imvelaphi Yombuso WamaMajapahit
Ngaphambi kokuba umbuso omkhulu, iMajapahit ekuqaleni yayingumbuso omncane owasungulwa nguRaden Wijaya. Igama elithi Majapahit ngokwalo livela emagama athi "maja," uhlobo lwesithelo esikhuliswe esifundeni, kanye nelithi "okubabayo," okuchaza ukunambitheka kwesithelo. Impumelelo kaMajapahit yayihlobene kakhulu nesimo sezombusazwe nesenhlalo esishintshashintshayo ngaleso sikhathi.
### Ukwakheka koMbuso
URaden Wijaya, inzalo yoMbuso waseSingasari, wabhekana nezingqinamba ezahlukahlukene ekumiseni iMajapahit. Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso waseSingasari ngenxa yokuhlaselwa nguJayakatwang, iNkosi yaseKediri, uRaden Wijaya wabaleka waphinde wahlangana eTrowulan. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuwa kweSingasari kwanikeza uRaden Wijaya ithuba lokusungula umbuso omusha. Ngosizo lwebutho laseMongol elalizojezisa uSingasari, uRaden Wijaya waphumelela ekuthatheni amandla. Ngemva kokunqoba ibutho laseMongol kanye noJayakatwang, uRaden Wijaya wasungula uMbuso waseMajapahit ngo-1293.
### Ubukhosi bukaRajasa
UMbuso wamaMajapahit uhlotshaniswa noBukhosi bamaRajasa, ubukhosi obufanayo noMbuso wamaSingasari. Ukubusa kukaRaden Wijaya (onesiqu esithi Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) kwabeka isisekelo esiqinile sentuthuko yombuso eyalandela. Ngemva kokushona kukaRaden Wijaya ngo-1309, amadodana akhe nabazukulu bakhe baphumelela ekuthatheni amandla, kancane kancane baletha uMajapahit esicongweni sawo.
## Isiqongo Senkazimulo Ngaphansi kuka-Hayam Wuruk no -Gajah Mada
Isikhathi esikhazimulayo kakhulu emlandweni woMbuso wamaMajapahit senzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uHayam Wuruk, owabusa kusukela ngo-1350 kuya ku-1389, esizwa nguNdunankulu uGajah Mada. UGajah Mada udume ngesifungo sakhe sikaPalapa, esasinombono wokuhlanganiswa kweqoqo lonke leziqhingi zase-Indonesia ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaMajapahit.
### Ukwanda kanye nobunye be-Archipelago
Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaGajah Mada, iMajapahit yafinyelela ekukhuleni kwayo okukhulu. Izinqaba zayo zazidlulela eJava, eSumatra, eMalay Peninsula, eKalimantan, eSulawesi, ngisho nasezindaweni ezisempumalanga yesiqhingi, njengeMaluku neWest Papua.
### Ukuchuma Kwezomnotho Namasiko
IMajapahit yayaziwa nangokuchuma kwayo okungavamile. Ezolimo, ukuhweba, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi kwakuyinsika yomnotho wombuso. Emadolobheni asechwebeni njengeTuban neGresik, ukuhwebelana nabahwebi abavela eShayina, eNdiya naseMpumalanga Ephakathi kwakumatasa kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuhweba ngezinongo, okuwumkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu, kwakuyisici esibalulekile ekuchumeni komnotho weMajapahit.
## Ithonya Lombuso WamaMajapahit
Ithonya loMbuso wamaMajapahit lasakazeka kabanzi nangokujulile emikhakheni eyahlukene yokuphila, kusukela kwezombusazwe, amasiko, ulimi, kuya enkolweni.
### Ithonya Lezepolitiki
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaMajapahit kwezombusazwe kwakuwumqondo wobunye besiqhingi saseNusantara. Nakuba ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwezepolitiki kukaMajapahit kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyinkimbinkimbi futhi akuzange kufeze ubunye obuphelele, umqondo wesiqhingi saseNusantara esihlangene uye wathonya umbono wezwe wesifundazwe kuze kube namuhla. Leli fa liyabonakala emoyeni weBhinneka Tunggal Ika (Ubunye Ekuhlukeni), ethathwe kuKakawin Sutasoma (Ingoma yeSutasoma) ebhalwe yiMpu Tantular ngesikhathi samaMajapahit.
### Isiko kanye Nezincwadi
Isiko lamaMajapahit lishiye uphawu olujulile kwezobuciko, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, kanye nezincwadi. Imisebenzi yezincwadi ezinkulu njengeNegarakertagama kanye nePararaton inikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe ngempilo eMajapahit. Ebuciko obubonakalayo, iMajapahit ishiye amathempeli amaningi amahle, njengeThempeli lasePenataran, iThempeli laseTikus, kanye neThempeli laseBajang Ratu, abonisa ukwakheka kwezakhiwo okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezimpawu ezicebile.
### Amagama Olimi Nezindawo
Ithonya lolimi lwesiMajapahit libonakala ekusetshenzisweni kabanzi kwesilulumagama sesiKawi ngesiJavanese, isiBalinese, ngisho nesiMalay. Izindawo eziningi eziqhingini zinegama elisekelwe noma elithonywe ulimi lwesiKawi olwalusetshenziswa ngesikhathi samaMajapahit.
### Inkolo
IMajapahit nayo yayiyisikhungo senkolo esibalulekile ngesikhathi sayo. Izinkolo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ubuHindu, ubuBuddha, nezinkolelo zendawo, zazihlala ndawonye ngokuvumelana. Imibono kaMajapahit yokuvumelanisa izinto kanye nokubekezelelana kwenkolo ibeka isibonelo sokuhlalisana okuhle phakathi kwezinkolo.
### Ifa Lokupheka
Ithonya likaMajapahit liyabonakala nasemasikweni okupheka. Izitsha eziningana zendabuko ezazithandwa eJava nasezindaweni ezizungezile zivame ukutholakala ezindleleni zokupheka nasezithakweni ezazisetshenziswa ngesikhathi seMajapahit. Isibonelo, ukuhlukahluka kwezinongo ezazisetshenziswa ezitsheni zendabuko kuwubufakazi obucacile bokuchuma kokuhweba ngezinongo ngaleso sikhathi.
## Ukuphela Kwenkazimulo KaMajapahit
Yonke impucuko enkulu inesikhathi sayo segolide kanye nokuwa kwayo. I-Majapahit yayingafani, njengoba yaqala ukuwohloka ngemva kokufa kukaHayam Wuruk kanye nokuphela kwesikhathi sikaGajah Mada. Izingxabano zangaphakathi, ukuvukela kwesifunda, kanye namandla akhulayo emibuso emisha efana neDemak kwakuyizici ezabangela ukuwa kukaMajapahit ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15.
Nokho, naphezu kokuphela kwayo, ithonya likaMajapahit lamasiko, ezepolitiki, kanye nobuhlakani liyaqhubeka futhi lakha isisekelo esibalulekile somlando kanye nobuwena base-Indonesia.
## Isiphetho
UMbuso wamaMajapahit wawungewona nje umbuso owawulawula izindawo ezinkulu eziqhingini zase-Indonesia, kodwa futhi wawuyindawo eyinhloko yentuthuko yezepolitiki, yezomnotho, kanye neyezamasiko eyathonya impucuko yase-Indonesia. Imvelaphi nomlando weMajapahit, kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo nguRaden Wijaya kuya enkathini yayo yegolide ngaphansi kukaHayam Wuruk noGajah Mada, kunikeza umbono ocebile ngezinguquko zezenhlalo nezepolitiki kanye nezamasiko ezazikhona.
Ithonya loMbuso wamaMajapahit landa kakhulu ngale kwesikhathi sawo, lagcwala umphakathi wase-Indonesia kuze kube namuhla futhi laphefumulela umoya wobunye ekwahlukaneni. IMajapahit ifanekisela ikhono lalesi siqhingi lokuhlanganisa, ukuchuma, nokufinyelela izinga eliphezulu lamasiko ngaphansi komoya kaBhinneka Tunggal Ika (Ubunye Ekuhlukahlukaneni).
