Dzidziso yeBig Bang uye Kwakatangira Zvinhu Zvose
Mubvunzo wekuti zvinhu zvose zvakatanga sei wakabata vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Kubva pangano dzekusika dzetsika dzakasiyana-siyana kusvika pakutsvagurudza kwesainzi yemazuva ano, kuda kuziva nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose hakuna kumbopera. Musainzi yemazuva ano, dzidziso inogamuchirwa zvikuru yekutsanangura kuzvarwa nekushanduka kwezvinhu zvose idzidziso yeBig Bang. Iyi dzidziso haisi kungoputika chete, asi muenzaniso wesainzi unotsigirwa neuchapupu hwakawanda hwekuongorora, hwemasvomhu, uye hwezvemamiriro ekunze. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura kuti dzidziso yeBig Bang chii, kuti humbowo hunoitsigira sei, matanho ekutanga ezvezvinhu zvose, uye mibvunzo mikuru ichiripo.
Chii chinonzi Big Bang Theory?
Dzidziso yeBig Bang inoti nyika yakatanga munzvimbo inopisa zvikuru uye yakakora makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 13,8 apfuura, uye kubvira ipapo, nyika yakawedzera uye yakatonhorera. Izwi rekuti "Big Bang" rinowanzo tungamira kupfungwa isiriyo yekuti kuputika kwakaitika panzvimbo chaiyo muchadenga. Zvisinei, maererano ne cosmology yemazuva ano, ndiyo nzvimbo pachayo iri kukura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana "pakati" pekuputika muchadenga; panzvimbo pezvo, nzvimbo yese iri kukura.
Muenzaniso weBig Bang unopa hurongwa hwekutsanangura kuti sei mapoka enyeredzi ari kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, nei muchadenga makazara nemwaranzi yakasara kubva pamazuva ayo ekutanga, uye nei zvinhu zvechiedza zvakaita sehydrogen nehelium zvakawanda kudaro. Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi haisiyo mhinduro chaiyo. Big Bang inotsanangura kushanduka kwenyika kubva mumamiriro ayo ekutanga akaipisisa, asi mubvunzo wekuti "chii chakaitika zvisati zvaitika izvozvo" unoramba uri nyaya yekukurukurirana nekutsvaga.
Nhoroondo Pfupi: Kubva paKuwirirana kusvika kuCosmology yeMazuva Ano
Pfungwa yekuti denga riri kukura inobva mukuvandudzwa kwaAlbert Einstein kweGeneral Theory of Relativity (1915). Maequations aEinstein anobvumira denga rine simba—rinogona kukura kana kupfupika. Pakutanga, Einstein akafunga kuti denga harina kumira, saka akawedzera "chinopindirana checosmological" kuti aenzanise muenzaniso wake. Zvisinei, zvakazoonekwa gare gare zvakaratidza kuti denga harina kumira.
Mumakore ekuma1920, nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi Edwin Hubble akawana kuti chiedza chinobva kumapoka enyeredzi ari kure chinoshandurwa kuva redshift, zvichiratidza kuti vari kuenda kure. Hukama huripo pakati pedaro neredshift, hunozivikanwa seHubble's Law, hwave hwava musimboti mukuru we cosmology. Izvi zvakaita kuti vanhu vanzwisise kuti kana denga riri kukura izvozvi, raive rakakora kare—kusvika pamavambo edenga.
Uchapupu Hutatu Hukuru hweDzidziso yeBig Bang
Dzidziso yeBig Bang inogamuchirwa nevanhu vakawanda nekuti inotsigirwa neuchapupu hwakawanda hwakasimba hwekucherechedza. Zvitatu zvacho zvinowanzoonekwa sehwaro hukuru.
1. Kukura kweNyika Yose (Galactic Redshift)
Magirafu paanofamba, marefu echiedza chatinogamuchira anotambanudzwa, achienda kumucheto mutsvuku we spectrum. Kana girafu iri kure, kutsvuka kwayo kunowedzera. Izvi zvinoenderana nekukura kwenyika. Kukura uku hakusi kungofamba kwemagirafu muchadenga chete, asi kuwedzera kwenzvimbo pakati pawo.
2. Kupenya kweMaikorowevhisi Yepasi (CMB)
Muna 1965, Arno Penzias naRobert Wilson vakawana Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), "kudzoserwa" kwemwaranzi kubva muchadenga chidiki. CMB inguva inopisa yakasara kubva panguva iyo muchadenga yaive inotonhorera zvakakwana kuti maatomu asina kwaakarerekera aumbe, zvichibvumira chiedza kufamba zvakasununguka. Nhasi, CMB inowanikwa semwaranzi ye microwave ine tembiricha inosvika 2,7 Kelvin. Maitiro ekuchinja kudiki (anisotropies) muCMB anopawo zviratidzo zvembeu dzezvivakwa zvaizozokura kuita magalaxy nemagalaxy clusters.
3. Kuwanda kweZvinhu zveChiedza
Dzidziso yeBig Bang inofanotaura kuti mumaminitsi mashoma ekutanga eBig Bang, nucleosynthesis yakaitika, ichigadzira zvinhu zvechiedza: kunyanya hydrogen, helium, uye huwandu hushoma hwe lithium. Kucherechedzwa kwezvikamu zvechisiko chose kunowirirana zvakanyanya nekufanotaura uku. Dai chisiko chose chakanga chisina kumbova muchikamu chinopisa, chakakora, zvakaoma kutsanangura kuwanda kwakanyanya kwe primordial helium.
Kutevedzana Kwenguva Kwezvinhu Zvekare
Kuti vanzwisise mavambo echisiko chose zvichienderana neBig Bang, masayendisiti akagadzira kurongeka kwezvikamu zvekutanga zvichibva pafizikisi ine simba rakawanda.
1. Nguva Yekutanga Uye Kukwira Kwemitengo
Kwenguva diki kwazvo mushure mekunge zvatanga, zvinofungidzirwa kuti muchadenga makave ne inflation yemuchadenga—nguva yekukura nekukurumidza. Inflation inotsanangura kuti nei muchadenga muchiratidzika kunge chakafanana zvikuru pazviyero zvikuru uye nei geometry yechadenga ichiratidzika kunge yakati sandara. Kunyangwe inflation isati yanyatsonzwisiswa, data rakawanda reCMB rinotsigira pfungwa yekuti chimwe chinhu chakaita se inflation chingangoitika.
2. Kuumbwa kweZvidimbu zvePakutanga
Sezvo nyika yaikura, tembiricha yayo yakadzikira. Simba rainge rakwana kugadzira zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvishoma nezvishoma "rakaoma" kupinda muzvikamu zvakagadzikana zvatinoziva: quarks, leptons, uyezve mapurotoni nemautron. Munguva iyi, antimatter yakaumbwawo, asi nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero nyika yedu inoramba ichitongwa nezvinhu. Dambudziko iri rinonzi matter-antimatter asymmetry, chimwe chezvakavanzika zvikuru zvecosmology.
3. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Mukati memaminitsi ekutanga, mapurotoni nemanyuturoni zvakasangana kuti zvigadzire maatomu madiki akaita sehelium-4. Mushure meizvozvo, muchadenga makatonhora zvakanyanya zvekuti kubatanidzwa kukuru kwaisagona kuramba kuripo. Ndosaka zvinhu zvinorema zvakaita sekabhoni, okisijeni, nesimbi zvisina kuumbwa muBig Bang, asi zvakazoitika gare gare munyeredzi nekuputika kwesupernova.
4. Kubatanidzwazve uye Kuburitsa Mwenje (CMB)
Makore angangoita 380.000 mushure mekutanga, tembiricha dzakaderera zvakakwana kuti maerekitironi abatane nemanuclei kuti aumbe maatomu asina kwaakarerekera. Kana maerekitironi asingachabonderane nemaphoton kakawanda, chiedza chaigona kufamba zvakasununguka. Chiedza ichi ndicho chatinoona seCMB.
5. Nguva Dzerima, Nyeredzi Dzekutanga, uye MaGaraksi
Mushure mekusanganiswazve, muchadenga makapinda munguva yerima, pasina nyeredzi dzaive dzichipenya. Zvadaro, simba rinokwevera pasi rakaunganidza gasi munyeredzi dzekutanga, idzo dzakadzosa muchadenga ndokubatsira kuumba zvivako zvikuru: magirafu, mapoka emagirafu, uye dandemutande repasi rose.
Basa reDark Matter neDark Energy
Kuputika kukuru kwemazuva ano kwakanga kusiri kwezvinhu zvakajairika chete. Zvakaonekwa zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvatinogona kuona—nyeredzi, gasi, mapuraneti—zvinongova chidimbu chidiki chezviri muchadenga.
– Dark matter chinhu chisingaonekwe chinoshanda zvakanyanya kuburikidza negravity. Izvi zvinobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei magalaxies achigona kutenderera nekumhanya kwakanyanya pasina kupatsanuka, uye kuti zvivakwa zvakakura zvinoumbwa nekukurumidza sei kupfuura dai zvinhu zvakajairika chete zvaivepo.
– Simba rerima izwi rinoreva chimwe chinhu chinoita kuti muchadenga muwedzere kukura nekukurumidza, chakawanikwa kuburikidza nekucherechedza supernovae mukupera kwema1990. Simba rerima richiri chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakavanzika zvefizikisi nekuti hunhu hwaro chaihwo hahuzivikanwe.
Pfungwa Dzisiri Dzechokwadi Dzinowanzo fungwa NezveBig Bang
Pane zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvinowanzoitika:
1. Kuputika kukuru kwakanga kusiri kuputika munzvimbo isina chinhu, asi kwaiva kuwedzera kwenzvimbo pachayo.
2. Dzidziso yeBig Bang haisi iyo inopesana nepfungwa ye "kusika," asi imuenzaniso wesainzi unotsanangura kushanduka kwenyika zvichibva pakucherechedza nemitemo yefizikisi.
3. Big Bang haipinduri yoga kuti "nei paine chimwe chinhu pane kusavapo." Cosmology inotsanangura "kuti" zvinhu zvose zvakashanduka sei; mubvunzo wekuti "nei" unogona kusanganisira nzvimbo yeuzivi kana yezvechitendero.
Mibvunzo Ichiripo
Kunyangwe ine simba, dzidziso yeBig Bang inosiya mibvunzo inokosha yakati wandei:
- Chii chinokonzera inflation, uye chii chaicho chiri kuitika?
- Sei paine zvinhu zvakawanda kupfuura zvinhu zvisina basa?
- Chii chinonzi rima uye simba rerima?
- Chii chinoitika "kunotangira" kana tikaunza quantum gravity?
– Nyika yedu ndiyo yega here, kana kuti chikamu chezvinhu zvakawanda?
Masayendisiti mazhinji anotenda kuti kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, tinoda dzidziso inobatanidza general relativity uye quantum mechanics, inowanzonzi quantum gravity. Vanyori vanosanganisira string theory uye loop quantum gravity approaches, asi hapana kana imwe yakasimbiswa nekutarisa.
Penutup
Dzidziso yeBig Bang inhanho huru mukutsvaga kwevanhu kunzwisisa zvakasikwa. Nehumbowo hwekuwedzera kwemuchadenga, mwaranzi yemuchadenga ye microwave, uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvechiedza, modhi iyi inopa rondedzero yesainzi inoenderana nezverwendo rwemuchadenga kubva mumamiriro ekutanga akaipisisa kusvika muchadenga chakazara nemagalaxies, nyeredzi, nemapuraneti. Zvisinei, Big Bang haisiyo mugumo wenyaya. Kutaura zvazviri, shure kwekubudirira kwayo, zvakavanzika zvitsva zvakabuda zvinonetsa fizikisi yemazuva ano: rima, simba rerima, inflation, uye mibvunzo nezvemamiriro ekutanga emuchadenga. Kutsvaga mhinduro dzezvakavanzika izvi ndiko kunoita kuti cosmology irambe iripo, ichichinja-chinja, uye ichiramba ichichinja.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemaitiro anonyanya kufarirwa nevadzidzi, kana kuti ndive neunyanzvi hwepamusoro nemafomura ekuwedzera, manhamba, uye mareferensi ekuverenga.
