Nhoroondo yeHondo Yenyika I
Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga (1914–1918) yaive imwe yezviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yemazuva ano. Kurwisana uku, kwaisanganisira masimba makuru enyika, kwakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru, kwakakonzera kuparadzwa kwakapararira, kwakachinja mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, uye kwakakonzera kusagadzikana kwevanhu nehupfumi. Inowanzonzi "Hondo Huru" nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hwakasati hwamboitika uye simba rayo. Kuti tinzwisise kuti hondo iyi yakaitika sei uye kuti sei simba rayo raive rakakura kudaro, tinofanira kuongorora nhoroondo yayo, mafambiro ayo, uye migumisiro yayakasiya panyika.
Kumashure: Kuvaka Kusagadzikana
Gore ra1914 risati rasvika, Europe yaive mumamiriro ezvinhu ekufungirana kwakadzama. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvikuru zvakaita kuti kondinendi iyi iende kuhondo. Chekutanga, rudado rwenyika, kudada kwakanyanya uye kuvimbika kurudzi rwemunhu, zvakaita kuti nyika dzeEurope dzikwikwidzane kuti dzive nesimba, ukuwo zvichikonzera kusawirirana munzvimbo dzine marudzi akasiyana-siyana, kunyanya muBalkans.
Chinhu chechipiri chaive kukwikwidzana kwemakoloni muAfrica neAsia. Umambo hweBritain neFrance hwaive nenzvimbo dzakakura dzekoloni, nepo Germany—yakabatana muna 1871 chete—yakanzwa yasiyiwa uye yaida "nzvimbo yayo muzuva." Makwikwi aya akawedzera kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye akakonzera matambudziko epasi rose.
Chinhu chechitatu chiuto, kutenda kuti simba remauto ndiro chinhu chikuru chekuchengetedza rukudzo nezvinodiwa nenyika. Masimba makuru akavaka mauto emazuva ano ane zvombo, akawedzera zvombo zvawo, uye akagadzira hurongwa hwehondo. Kukwikwidzana kwezvombo, kusanganisira kuvaka ngarava huru dzehondo nezvombo zvinorema, kwakaita kuti hondo huru dziwedzere kuvepo.
Pakupedzisira, kuumbwa kwehurongwa hwemubatanidzwa kwakaita kuti pave nekukwanisa kwekurwisana kwemuno nehondo dzemumakondinendi. Kune rumwe rutivi kwaive neCentral Powers, yaisanganisira Germany, Austria-Hungary, uye gare gare Ottoman Empire neBulgaria. Kune rumwe rutivi kwaive neAllied Powers, yaisanganisira France, Russia, neBritain, uye gare gare, pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika dzakasiyana-siyana.
Chinokonzeresa: Kupondwa muSarajevo
Kunyangwe kusawirirana kwakanga kwagara kuripo kwenguva yakareba, chakakonzera Hondo Yenyika I chaive chiitiko chemusi wa28 Chikumi 1914, apo Archduke Franz Ferdinand, mugari wenhaka yechigaro cheAustro-Hungary, akaurayiwa muSarajevo naGavrilo Princip, mugari weSerbia wekuBosnia. Kuurayiwa uku kwakaitika muBosnia, dunhu riri pasi pehutongi hweAustro-Hungary asi neboka rerudzi rweSouth Slavic raifarira kubatana neSerbia.
Austria-Hungary yakapomera Serbia kuti ndiyo yakakonzera kupondwa kwevanhu uye yakarayira zvakasimba. Serbia yakabvuma zvimwe zvezvikumbiro asi yakaramba zvinhu zvakawanda zvaionekwa sezvichatyisidzira kuzvitonga kwayo. Austria-Hungary yakazivisa hondo neSerbia musi wa28 Chikunguru 1914. Kuburikidza nekubatana kwemubatanidzwa, gakava rakakurumidza kukura: Russia yakatsigira Serbia, Germany yakatsigira Austria-Hungary, uye France neBritain pakupedzisira dzakabatanidzwa.
Nzira Yehondo: Kubva Pakurwisa Nokukurumidza Kuenda Kuhondo Yemumigero
Pakutanga kwehondo, Germany yakashandisa Schlieffen Plan, chirongwa chekukunda France nekukurumidza nekurwisa kuburikidza neBelgium uye wobva watendeukira kuRussia. Zvisinei, kupinda kweBelgium kwakaita kuti Britain—iyo yaive nebasa rekudzivirira kusapindira kweBelgium—izivise hondo neGermany.
KuMadokero (France-Belgium), tariro yehondo inokasira yakakurumidza kupera. Mushure mehondo huru dzakadai seHondo yeMarne (1914), mativi ese ari maviri akarwisana muhondo refu uye inonetsa yemugero. Migero yaitambanuka kubva kuNorth Sea kusvika kumuganhu weSwitzerland. Mamiriro ezvinhu mumigero yacho aityisa: matope, zvirwere, kushomeka kwezvinhu, uye kutyisidzira kwekurwisa zvombo zvehondo negasi rine chepfu nguva dzose.
Panguva iyi, kuEastern Front, hondo yakanga isina kunyatsogadzikana nekuda kwehukuru hwenzvimbo yacho. Germany neAustria-Hungary dzakatarisana neRussia muhondo dzakawanda huru. Kunyangwe Russia yaive neuto guru, matambudziko ekufambisa zvinhu uye kusasimba kwemaindasitiri kwakaita kuti zviomere kuti ikwanise kuenzana nesimba remauto reGermany nekufamba kwenguva.
Kumwewo, hondo dzakarwiwawo muMiddle East, Africa, uye mugungwa. Umambo hweOttoman hwakabatana neCentral Powers, zvikaita kuti maAllies aedze kutora nzvimbo dzakakosha. Imwe hondo yakakurumbira yaive Gallipoli (1915), apo mauto eAllied akaedza kutora Dardanelles Strait asi akakundikana ndokurasikirwa nevanhu vakawanda.
Tekinoroji Yemazuva Ano uye Zvinotyisa
Hondo Yenyika I inowanzoonekwa sehondo yekutanga yemazuva ano nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo kukuru kwetekinoroji yehondo. Pfuti dzemichina, zvombo zvinorema, matangi (akatangwa muna 1916), ngarava dzepasi pemvura (ngarava dzeU-boats dzeGermany), uye ndege zvakachinja nzira yairwiwa nayo hondo. Uyezve, kushandiswa kwemagasi ane chepfu akadai sechlorine negasi remustard kwakava chiratidzo chezvinotyisa zvehondo, sezvo zvakakonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya uye kufa kunorwadza.
Hondo huru dzakadai seVerdun (1916) neSomme (1916) dzakaratidza kukura kukuru kwevakaurayiwa. Verdun yakava chiratidzo chekusimba kweFrance, nepo Somme ichirangarirwa nezviuru zvevakaurayiwa vekuBritain pazuva rayo rekutanga chete. Kurwisana uku kwakaratidza kuti nzira ye "kurwisa kwepamberi" yaiwanzokonzera njodzi payakatarisana nedziviriro dzemazuva ano.
United States Inopinda Muhondo
Pakutanga, United States yakaramba isina kwayakarerekera. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaita kuti ipinde muhondo muna 1917. Chimwe chaive hondo yegungwa repasi pemvura isina miganhu yakaitwa neGermany, iyo yakanyudza ngarava dzevatengesi, kusanganisira idzo dzaitakura maAmerican. Kunyura kweLusitania (1915) kwakakonzerawo hasha dzeveruzhinji, kunyangwe US isina kupinda muhondo kusvika makore maviri gare gare.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chaive Zimmermann Telegram, meseji yeGerman yakavanzika ichipa chibvumirano neMexico nevimbiso yekudzoserwa kwenzvimbo kana Mexico ikarwisa United States. Telegram iyi payakawanikwa, mafungiro everuzhinji vekuAmerica akachinja vachitsigira hondo. Kupinda kweUS kwakapa mubatanidzwa weAllies simba guru rehupfumi nerehondo.
Kuguma kweHondo neArmistice
Pakupera kwehondo, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akachinja zvikuru. Russia yakasangana nekuchinja-chinja kaviri muna 1917, uko kwakazoita kuti maBolshevik vatore simba. Russia yakabva yabuda muhondo kuburikidza neChibvumirano cheBrest-Litovsk (1918) neGermany. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo Germany yakanga yatamisa mauto ayo kuWestern Front, kusvika kwemauto eAmerica uye hupfumi hweCentral Powers hwakaderera zvakaita kuti chinzvimbo cheGermany chiwedzere kuoma.
Kurwiswa kwakawanda kweAllied muna 1918 kwakamanikidza Germany kudzokera shure. Munyika, Germany yakatarisana nekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu. Pakupedzisira, Germany yakasaina chibvumirano chekumisa hondo musi wa11 Mbudzi 1918. Zuva iri rinorangarirwa sekuguma kweHondo Yenyika I, kunyange hazvo maitiro echibvumirano cherunyararo asina kutanga kusvika gare gare.
Mhedzisiro uye Nhaka yeHondo
Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakauraya mamiriyoni evanhu, mauto nevanhuwo zvavo, uye yakasiya mavanga emuviri nekutambudzika kwevanhu vose. Maumambo makuru akaputsika: Austria-Hungary yakaparadzana kuita nyika itsva, Umambo hweOttoman hwakaneta ndokuzoparara, uye Umambo hweGerman neRussia hwakachinjwa hutongi. Mepu yeEurope yakachinja zvakanyanya, nekubuda kwenyika dzakadai seCzechoslovakia neYugoslavia.
Chibvumirano chikuru cherunyararo, Chibvumirano cheVersailles (1919), chakamanikidza Germany kugamuchira mhosva yehondo, kubhadhara muripo wakakura, uye kuganhurira mauto ayo. Vanyori venhoroondo vazhinji vanofunga kuti mazwi aya akaomarara akakonzera kusawirirana uye kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika muGermany, izvo zvakazokonzera kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II.
Pamusoro pezvo, hondo iyi yakakonzera kukura kwemasangano epasi rose akadai seLeague of Nations, ayo aivavarira kuchengetedza rugare rwepasi rose. Kunyangwe zvakazokundikana kudzivirira dzimwe hondo, pfungwa yekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese ndiyo yakaisa hwaro hwekuumbwa kweSangano reMarudzi (UN) mushure megore ra1945.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga inyaya yekuti kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kurwira masimba, uye kubatana zvinogona kushandura chiitiko chemuno kuita njodzi yepasi rose. Hondo iyi yakaratidza kuguma kwenguva yekare yeumambo uye yakagadzira nzira yenyika yanhasi inochinja. Kunzwisisa Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga hakusi kungodzidza hondo nevanhu chete, asiwo kuziva kuti rugare runoda diplomacy, kururamisira, uye kuda kwenyika kudzora zvishuwo zvakanyanya. Kusawirirana kwa1914-1918 chidzidzo chinorwadza chekuti kana hondo yatanga, simba rayo rinogona kupfuura zvizvarwa zvinosangana nayo.
