Kwakatangira Umambo hweMajapahit
Humambo hweMajapahit hwaive humwe hweumambo hukuru uye hwaive nesimba guru munhoroondo yezvitsuwa zveIndonesia. Zita rayo rinowanzo batanidzwa nenguva yegoridhe yetsika dzeJavanese, kukura kwemabhuku nemutemo, uye pfungwa yekubatanidza zvitsuwa izvi, izvo zvakazofuridzira pfungwa yekuva muIndonesia. Zvisinei, hukuru hwaMajapahit hahuna kungoerekana hwabuda. Hwakabuda muzviitiko zvakaoma zvezvematongerwo enyika: kuparara kweumambo hwekare, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro, kumanikidzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika, uye kugona kwemunhu mutsva kusimbisa pamutemo pakati penyonganyonga. Kuti tinzwisise mavambo aMajapahit, tinofanira kuongorora nhoroondo yeEast Java mukupera kwezana remakore rechi13, nhamba dzaibatanidzwa, uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika muAsia panguva iyoyo.
Background: Kuwa kwe Singhasari
Majapahit isati yavambwa, East Java yaitongwa neSinghasari Kingdom (inowanzonzi Tumapel), iyo yakasvika pakakwirira panguva yekutonga kwaMambo Kertanegara. Kertanegara aizivikanwa semutongi ane chishuwo uye aitaridzika semunhu aitarisira zvinhu zvakawanda. Akaita nzendo dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzehondo kunzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira Sumatra, kuburikidza nePamalayu Expedition. Chinangwa chake chaive chisiri chekuwedzera simba rake chete asiwo kuvaka network yesimba kuti agadzirise njodzi iri kukura: Umambo hweMongol pasi peYuan Dynasty.
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi13, Kublai Khan—mutongi weMongolia—akatuma nhume kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana achida kuti azivikanwe kuti ndiye aitonga. Sekureva kwetsika dzechiJava, Kertanegara akaramba zvikumbiro izvi nenzira yaionekwa seyakashoora, zvichikonzera hurongwa hwerwendo rwevaMongolia kuJava. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu emukati maSinghasari akazoita kuti umambo huparare.
Kuparara kwaSinghasari kwakakonzerwa nekupandukira kwaJayakatwang, mutongi weKediri, uyo akashandisa kushaya hanya kwaKertanegara. Muna 1292, mauto aJayakatwang akarwisa ndokubvisa Singhasari. Kertanegara akaurayiwa, uye Jayakatwang akazodzorera simba kuna Kediri. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma aya, vamwe vemhuri yaSinghasari nevateveri vake vakapararira; asi kubva mukusagadzikana uku, Majapahit akazoberekwa.
Mufananidzo Mukuru: Raden Wijaya
Kwakabva Majapahit kwakabatana zvikuru nemunhu waRaden Wijaya. Mabhuku akasiyana-siyana anotsanangura Raden Wijaya semukuwasha waKertanegara. Mushure mekudonha kwaSinghasari, akava munhu aitsvakwa, aionekwa sechikamu chehurumende yekare. Pamwe chete nevateveri vake vakawanda vakatendeka, Raden Wijaya akatiza kuti aponese hupenyu hwake uye agadzire nzira yekuwanazve simba.
Munyaya yekutangwa kwayo, Raden Wijaya akatanga akumbira dziviriro kubva kumutongi weMadura, Arya Wiraraja. Rutsigiro rwaArya Wiraraja rwaive rwakakosha, tichifunga nezvesimba rake rezvematongerwo enyika uye kugona kwake kuunganidza mauto. Kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa uyu, Raden Wijaya akawana mukana wekusimuka. Akabva aronga zano rakangwara: pane kurwisa Jayakatwang nekukurumidza, akatanga agadzira nzvimbo itsva.
Kuvhurwa kweSango reTarik uye Kuberekwa kwaMajapahit
Achitsigirwa naArya Wiraraja nevateveri vake, Raden Wijaya akapihwa mvumo yekucheka sango munzvimbo yeTarik, pedyo nerwizi nemigwagwa yekutengeserana. Nzvimbo iyi yakabva yagadzirwa kuva nzvimbo itsva yekugara. Iyi yaive nguva yakakosha pakutanga kweMajapahit: "guta" idzva rakavakwa kwete kubva pakati pehumambo hwekare, asi kubva pakucheka ivhu munzvimbo ine hunyanzvi.
Zvinoenderana netsika, zita rekuti "Majapahit" rinobva pamuchero wemaja unovava. Nyaya iyi inowanzotaurwa sekwakabva zita reumambo: vashandi vekubvisa minda pavakawana muchero wemaja ndokuuravira, waivava, uye nzvimbo yacho yakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Maja-pahit." Kunyangwe iri ngano, nyaya iyi ine meseji yekufananidzira: kuzvarwa kweumambo hukuru kunowanzotanga nekurwira "kunorwadza", kwakazara nematambudziko.
Nzvimbo iyi yakava nzvimbo itsva yesimba. Raden Wijaya akatanga kubatanidza vateveri vake, achigadzira hurongwa hwehurumende, uye achironga kuronga kurwisa muvengi wake mukuru: Jayakatwang muKediri.
Kusvika kweMauto eMongol nehurongwa hwaRaden Wijaya hwezvematongerwo enyika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzera mavambo aMajapahit kwaive kupindira kwevatorwa: mauto eMongolia eYuan Dynasty. Kufamba kwevaMongolia, kwaitarisirwa kuranga Kertanegara pakutanga, kwakasvika Kertanegara atokundwa uye Singhasari akundwa. Uto guru reMongolia rakasvika muJava muna 1293 ndokuwana mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika achichinja. Apa ndipo pakaratidzwa hunyanzvi hwaRaden Wijaya.
Raden Wijaya akashandisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu nekubatana kwenguva pfupi nemauto eMongolia. Akavatungamirira kurwisa Jayakatwang, mutongi weKediri aripo iye zvino. MaMongolia, vachinzwa sekuti vane kodzero yekuranga avo vaionekwa sevane mhosva yekutuka kwakapfuura, vakabvuma nzira iyi nekukurumidza. Kurwiswa kwakabatana kwakatanga, uye Jayakatwang akakundwa.
Zvisinei, mushure mekukundwa kwaJayakatwang, Raden Wijaya akaramba kubvumira maMongol kuti ave vatongi vatsva veJava. Akanzwisisa kuti kuvapo kwavo kwaityisidzira kuzvitonga kwenzvimbo. Saka, mushure mekuwana chinzvimbo chakakosha, Raden Wijaya akatendeukira kumaMongol. Achishandisa nzira dzekurwisa nekukurumidza uye achishandisa kusaziva kwemaMongol nzvimbo dzinopisa uye mamiriro ezvekufambisa, maMongol akadzingwa. Pakupedzisira vakabuda muJava.
Nguva iyi yakava chiitiko chakakosha mukuzvarwa kwaMajapahit: Raden Wijaya akabudirira kubvisa kutyisidzira kuviri panguva imwe chete—Jayakatwang semuvengi wemuno uye maMongol sesimba rekunze kwenyika—nehurongwa hwakasiyana-siyana, kwete simba remauto chete.
Kugadziriswa kweKertarajasa Jayawardhana
Mushure mekunge mamiriro ezvinhu agadzikana, Raden Wijaya akazivisa simba rake uye akagadzwa kuva mambo wekutanga weMajapahit muna 1293. Akatora zita rekuti Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. Kugadzwa uku kwakaratidza kuzvarwa kweUmambo hweMajapahit sehurumende itsva muEast Java.
Mukuita kuti pave nemutemo, Kertarajasa akatora matanho akakosha, anosanganisira kusimbisa hukama hwewanano uye kugamuchira mapoka epamusoro aimbova akabatana naSinghasari. Tsika dzinoti akaroora vanasikana vaKertanegara vakati wandei, izvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa senzira yekubatanidza dzinza: kubatanidza Majapahit nedzinza raSinghasari kusimbisa kuzivikanwa kwehutongi hwake.
Majapahit mumazuva ayo ekutanga zvechokwadi yakanga isina kukura semufananidzo we "umambo" hwaizivikanwa munguva yaHayam Wuruk naGajah Mada. Asi hwaro hwakanga hwagadzirwa: hurumende huru, network yevanhu vane hunyanzvi, uye ruzivo mukugadzirisa matambudziko emukati nekunze.
Matambudziko Ekutanga uye Kubatanidzwa Kwesimba
Umambo hutsva hunowanzozvarwa husina dziviriro, uye Majapahit haana kusiyana. Munguva yekutonga kwaKertarajasa, kupandukira kwakawanda uye kusawirirana kwevakuru kwakamuka. Izvi zvainzwisisika, sezvo vazhinji vainzwa vaine kodzero yekutonga mushure mekudonha kwaKediri uye kusavapo kweSinghasari mushure menguva. Uyezve, shamwari dzenguva refu muhondo hadzina kugutsikana zvizere nekugoverwa kwesimba.
Pasinei neizvi, Majapahit akakwanisa kuramba ari mupenyu zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubudirira uku kwaitsamira zvikuru pakukwanisa kwamambo kuronga hurumende, kutarisira kuvimbika kwemachinda, uye kuchengetedza nzira dzehupfumi dzakakosha. Nzvimbo yaMajapahit iri pedyo nenzizi uye mukana wekutengeserana zvakabatsira kukura kwehupfumi hwayo. Kubva panguva iyi, Majapahit yakatanga kusimba senzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika yeEast Java.
Zvinoreva Mavambo eMajapahit muNhoroondo yeArchipelago
Kwakatangira Majapahit kunoratidza kuti umambo hukuru hahusi nguva dzose hunoberekwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akagadzikana. Asi, Majapahit akakura kubva mumatongo ekuputsika kwaSinghasari, kubva mukurwisana kwemadzimambo, uye kubva mukutyisidzirwa kwerwendo rwekunze. Simba remuvambi wayo raive mukukwanisa kwake kuverenga mamiriro ezvinhu uye kushandisa mikana yezvematongerwo enyika. Raden Wijaya akavaka nzvimbo itsva muTarik, akawana rutsigiro rwemunharaunda, akaumba hukama hwechinguvana nemasimba ekunze, uye akazosimbisa hutongi hwake nekuadzinga.
Kubva mumusha wakapihwa zita remuchero wemaja unovava, umambo hwakakura hwakazozivikanwa nepesvedzero huru muzvitsuwa zvose. Kuwedzerwa kwevanhu vakakurumbira muzvizvarwa zvakatevera—vakadai saGajah Mada naHayam Wuruk—kwakaunza Majapahit pakakwirira. Zvisinei, midzi yehukuru hwayo yakanga yatoonekwa kubva pakutanga: kushinga mukutarisana nematambudziko, hunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kugona kuvaka kodzero pakati pemakakatanwa esimba.
Nekutevera kwakabva Majapahit, hatingooni nyaya yekuvambwa kweumambo chete, asiwo tinodzidza kuti simba rakaumbwa sei: kuburikidza nehurongwa, kubvumirana, uye kugadzirisa nguva dzinochinja. Majapahit akaberekwa munguva yekusagadzikana, asi kubva mukusagadzikana uku ndipo paakawana chimiro chayo—uye akasiya chiratidzo chisingaperi munhoroondo yeIndonesia.
