Basa raChurchill muHondo Yenyika II
Winston Churchill mumwe wevanhu vakakurumbira munhoroondo yeHondo Yenyika II. Zita rake rinowanzo batanidzwa nekushinga kweBritain mukutarisana nechisimba cheNazi Germany, kugona kwake kukurudzira tsika dzevanhu kuburikidza nekutaura, uye hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakaita kuti Britain irambe ichienderera mberi munguva dzayo dzakaoma. Basa raChurchill raive risiri chete semutungamiri wepamutemo, asiwo sechiratidzo chekuramba uye kuronga diplomasi yepasi rose, zvichibatsira kugadzira mafambiro ehondo uye pakupedzisira kukunda kweAllied.
Nhoroondo yehutungamiriri
Churchill aive nenhoroondo refu mune zvematongerwo enyika muBritain, aine zvinzvimbo zvakakosha zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira First Lord of the Admiralty (mukuru wemauto anotarisira Navy). Aizivikanwa nepfungwa dzake dzakasimba, dzimwe nguva dzichikakavadzana, asi akasiyana nevakawanda vezera rake: Churchill akanyevera kare nezvenjodzi dzeGermany yakamukazve pasi paAdolf Hitler. Kunyange hazvo vazhinji muEurope vaida mutemo we "kunyaradza," kana kubvumirana, kudzivirira hondo, Churchill aitenda kuti kubvumirana kwaizongosimbisa murwisi chete.
Maonero aya akamubvisa kwenguva pfupi kubva pakati pesimba, asi sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu muEurope akaramba achiipa—kunyanya mushure mekunge Germany yapinda muPoland muna 1939 uye hondo yakatanga zviri pamutemo—simba raChurchill rakamuka zvakare. Akaonekwa semunhu akanyatsogadzirira hondo yakazara, kwete chete muhondo asiwo mukusimudzira hupfumi nepfungwa dzenyika.
Kuva Prime Minister munguva yedambudziko
Churchill akava Mutungamiriri weBritain zviri pamutemo musi wa10 Chivabvu, 1940, Germany payakatanga kurwisa Western Europe, kusanganisira kupinda muBelgium, Netherlands, neFrance. Kugadzwa kwake kwakaitika panguva iyo Britain yakanga iri panjodzi: kuramba ichirwa kana kufunga nezvekutaurirana naHitler. Churchill, kubva pazuva rekutanga, akaramba pfungwa yekubvuma kana "rugare" rwaizoreva kuzviisa pasi pehutongi hweNazi.
Sarudzo iyi yezvematongerwo enyika yaive yakakosha. Pakati pa1940, France yakanga yava kuparara, uye Britain ndiyo yaive chinangwa chinotevera. Vatungamiriri vazhinji vangadai vakaedzwa kutsvaga nzira yakachengeteka yekuponesa nyika yavo kubva mukuparadzwa. Pane kudaro, Churchill akatora njodzi huru: akaramba, akaramba, uye akavimba nesimba remauto ake emugungwa, mauto emuchadenga, uye kurwisa kwevanhuwo zvavo.
Hurukuro nehutungamiriri hwetsika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakaitwa naChurchill kwaive kugona kwake kuvaka tsika dzevanhu. Hurukuro dzake dzaisava dzekutaura chete, asi dzaive zvishandiso zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvepfungwa. Munguva dzakaoma—sekunge mushure mekubviswa kwevanhu muDunkirk—Churchill akasimbisa kuti kubviswa kwevanhu kwaisava kukunda, asi humbowo hwekuti Britain ichiri nemukana wekupona. Akati hondo inofanira kuenderera mberi “pamahombekombe, panyika, muminda, nemumigwagwa,” zvichiratidza kuramba zvachose.
Munguva yeBlitz, apo maguta eBritain akabhombwa neLuftwaffe, Churchill aiwanzoonekwa achishanyira nzvimbo dzekurwiswa, achitaura nevagari, uye achiratidza tsitsi uye kushinga. Kuvapo kwemutungamiriri panguva yenjodzi kwakasimbisa kutenda kwekuti hurumende yakanga isiri kuvanda seri kwehurumende. Muhondo dzemazuva ano, tsika dzevanhu inyaya inokosha; Churchill akanzwisisa izvi uye akazviita chikamu chikuru chekudzivirira nyika.
Kutarisira hurongwa hwekudzivirira hweUK
Churchill akanga asiri mukuru wemauto, asi aibatanidzwa zvikuru mukuita sarudzo dzakarongeka. Akakurudzira kugadzirwa kwendege dzehondo nekukurumidza, akasimbisa dziviriro yemudenga, uye akaronga kushanda pamwe chete pakati pehurumende nemauto. Hondo yeBritain muna 1940 yaive bvunzo huru: kana Britain ikakundwa mudenga, mukana wekupinda neGerman pasi wakawedzera. Kukunda kweBritain muhondo yemudenga—nekuda kwevatyairi vendege dzeRAF, radar, uye masisitimu ekudzivirira akabatanidzwa—kwakapa Britain mukana wekupona nekuchinja simba rehondo.
Churchill ainzwisisawo kukosha kwehondo yemugungwa. Nzira dzekutakura zvinhu muAtlantic dzaive dzakakosha pakuvimba kweBritain nechikafu, mafuta, nezvombo zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika. Kutyisidzira kwechikepe cheU-boat cheGerman kwakapotsa kwakanganisa hupfumi hweBritain. Panyaya iyi, mitemo yekuperekedza ngarava, kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekurwisa ngarava dzemugungwa, uye kushandira pamwe neUnited States zvakava zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosheswa—pasinei nekuti hondo yeAtlantic yakanga yakareba uye inodhura.
Hukama hwezvekudyidzana: kuvaka nekuchengetedza mubatanidzwa
Hondo Yenyika II yakanga isiri hondo yezvombo chete, asiwo hondo yemubatanidzwa. Churchill akaita basa guru mukuvaka hukama nemasimba maviri makuru eAllied: United States neSoviet Union. Hukama uhwu hwaisava nyore nguva dzose. Pakutanga United States yakaramba isina kwayakarerekera, nepo Soviet Union yaive nepfungwa dzaipesana nedzeBritain. Zvisinei, Churchill akaona kukunda maNazi sechinhu chakakosha, zvichiita kuti pave nekubvumirana kwezvematongerwo enyika.
NeUnited States, Churchill akava nehukama hwepedyo naMutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt. Akatsigira zvibvumirano zverubatsiro zvakaita seLend-Lease, izvo zvakapa Britain mukana wekuwana zvombo zvakakosha nezviwanikwa America isati yatanga hondo zviri pamutemo. Hukama hweChurchill naRoosevelt hwakabatsira kusimbisa kuvimbana uye kukurumidzisa kubatana kwehurongwa hwe transatlantic.
Germany payakarwisa Soviet Union muna 1941, Churchill akabva angozivisa kutsigira kwake maSoviet, pasinei nepfungwa dzake dzakasimba dzekupikisa chikominisiti. Ichi chaive chisarudzo chezvematongerwo enyika chine musoro: akanzwisisa kuti Eastern Front yaizopedza simba remauto eGermany zvakanyanya. Nekuchengetedza Soviet Union muhondo, Britain yakawana "shamwari inouraya" yakamanikidza Hitler muhondo yepamberi mbiri.
Basa muhurongwa hwekurwisa hweAllied
Churchill aiwanzotsigira nzira yaisimbisa kuvhurwa kwehondo muMediterranean neItaly, yaaiona se "pasi pasi" yeEurope. Nzira iyi yakaonekwa muhondo yeNorth Africa, kupinda muSicily, uye kusvika kwendege muItaly. Aitarisira kuti mafambiro aya aizoderedza simba reAxis, kuchengetedza nzira dzekutakura ngarava, uye kumanikidza Germany kubva kumaodzanyemba.
Zvisinei, Churchill aifanirawo kutaurirana nevatungamiriri vemauto nevabatsiri vake, kunyanya United States, nezvenguva uye sei kurwiswa kukuru kweFrance kwaizoitwa. Pakupedzisira, D-Day muna 1944 yakava mugumo wehurongwa hweAllied muWestern Europe. Kunyangwe asiri iye akaronga mashandiro acho, Churchill akaita basa guru mukukurukurirana, kugovera zviwanikwa zvakakosha, uye kuchengetedza kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika kuitira kuti basa guru riitwe.
Misangano mikuru nemirayiridzo yemushure mehondo
Churchill akaitawo basa guru mumisangano yeAllied yakaita seTehran, Yalta, nePotsdam (kunyangwe chinzvimbo chake kuPotsdam chakachinja nekuda kwesarudzo). Mumisangano iyi, aifanira kuenzanisa zvido zveBritain yakanga isisina simba mune zvehupfumi nechokwadi chekuwedzera kwekutonga kweUnited States neSoviet Union.
Aida kuona kuti Europe mushure mehondo haina kuwira pasi pesimba reSoviet zvachose, asi simba reBritain rekutaurirana raive diki. Kunyange zvakadaro, basa rake muhurukuro dzepashure pehondo rakabatsira kugadzira pfungwa dzekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vose, kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara, uye kutanga kwehurongwa hutsva hwepasi rose hwaizozokura kuva nguva yeCold War.
Kutsoropodzwa uye gakava
Kuongorora Churchill zvakanaka zvinorevawo kubvuma divi rake rine gakava. Mamwe emitemo yake munguva yehondo, zvisarudzo zvakananga zvehurongwa, uye maonero ake nezvenzvimbo dzekoloni zvakatsoropodzwa. Kunewo gakava pamusoro pekukosha kwemamwe mapoka ehondo uye kukanganisa kwawo vanhuwo zvavo. Zvisinei, maererano nehutungamiriri hwenguva yehondo, vanyori venhau dzakawanda vanotenda kuti simba guru raChurchill raive mukukwanisa kwake kuchengetedza Britain iri mukudzivirira apo mikana yekukunda yaiita sediki.
Mhedziso
Basa raWinston Churchill muHondo Yenyika II raisanganisira hutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika panguva yakakosha zvikuru, kugona kwake kusimudzira tsika dzevanhu, kuita sarudzo dzekudzivirira nekurwisa, uye diplomacy yakaita kuti pave nemubatanidzwa weAllied wakakunda Nazi Germany. Haana kutadza, asi ushingi hwake hwekuramba kukanda mapfumo pasi muna 1940, uye kugona kwake kusanganisa mazwi, mazano, uye diplomacy, zvakamuita munhu akakosha mukukunda kweAllied. Munhoroondo yehondo, Churchill anorangarirwa kwete chete nekuda kwebasa raaive naro, asiwo nekuda kwebasa rake sechiratidzo chekusimba—kuti munguva dzakaoma, rudzi runogona kurarama kana ruchitungamirirwa nekutenda, kusarudza, uye chinangwa chakajeka.
