Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri muEngland
Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri muEngland chaive chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yepasi rose yanhasi. Chimurenga ichi chikuru, chakatanga pakati pezana remakore rechi18, hachina kungochinja nzira yaigadzirwa zvinhu chete asiwo chakachinja mamiriro emagariro evanhu, mararamiro, hukama hwevashandi, uye kunyange mamiriro ehupfumi hwepasi rose. Britain ndiyo yakatanga chimurenga ichi nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvenzvimbo, zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye zvetekinoroji zvaibatsirana. Kubva mumisha yakanyarara yekurima, England yakashanduka kuita maguta emaindasitiri ane mafekitori, mafodya efodya, uye michina inoshandiswa nemhepo.
Nhoroondo: England Isati Yatanga Kugadzirwa Kwemaindasitiri
Nguva yeChimurenga cheMaindasitiri isati yasvika, ruzhinji rwevanhu vemuEngland vairarama nekurima. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakaita semachira, zvinhu zvemumba, uye maturusi kwaiitwa kumba kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekugadzira zvinhu zvemumba. Vashandi vaigadzira zvinhu mudzimba dzavo vachishandisa maturusi ari nyore, uye vatengesi vaizounganidza zvinhu kuti zvitengeswe. Nzira iyi yaitora nguva, mwaka, uye yakaoma kusangana nezvinodiwa nemusika zvaikura.
Zvisinei, kubva muzana remakore rechi17 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi18, England yakatanga kuona shanduko. Kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda kwakabudirira nekuda kwemauto egungwa ane simba uye network yakakura yekoloni. Uyezve, kukura kwevanhu kwakawedzera kudiwa kwezvipfeko, chikafu, nezvimwe zvinhu zvevatengi. Kudiwa uku kwakanyanya kwakakurudzira hunyanzvi mukugadzira zvinhu.
Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kuchinja Kwemaindasitiri muEngland
Pane zvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzera kuti shanduko yeindasitiri itange kuonekwa muEngland.
Chekutanga, Britain yaive yakapfuma muzviwanikwa zvechisikigo, kunyanya marasha nesimbi. Marasha aikosha senzvimbo yesimba rekushandisa injini dzemhepo uye kupisa maovheni ekunyungudutsa simbi. Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu izvi kwakaderedza mari yekugadzira uye kwakaita kuti pave nekuwanikwa kwakasimba.
Chechipiri, Chimurenga cheKurima chakapa hwaro hwakakosha. Kuchinja kwenzira dzekurima, dzakadai sekushandisa masisitimu ekuchinjisa zvirimwa, kupfumisa mbesa zviri nani, uye zvishandiso zvekurima zvinoshanda zvakanaka, kwakawedzera goho rezvirimwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kudiwa kwevashandi mumapurazi kwakadzikira, uye vagari vazhinji vekumaruwa vakatamira kumaguta vachitsvaga mabasa. Kutama uku kwakagadzira vashandi vatsva, vakawanda vemafekitori.
Chechitatu, kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye hurongwa hwemitemo muUK zvinotsigira mabasa ehupfumi. Kodzero dzakasimba dzepfuma, kuchengetedzwa kwekudyara mari, uye kukura kwemasangano emari akadai semabhanga nemisika yemari zvinokurudzira mabhizinesi kuti aise mari mumabhizinesi matsva.
Chechina, Britain yaive nehurongwa hwekufambisa hwakakura. Migero, nzizi, uye njanji dzakazotevera dzakabatsira kutakurwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kuenda kumafekitori uye kugoverwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kumisika yemuno neyekunze kwenyika. Izvi zvakaderedza mitengo yekufambisa zvinhu uye zvakakurumidzisa kutengeserana.
Kuvandudzwa Kwetekinoroji: Mwoyo weKuchinja Kwemaindasitiri
Kuchinja kwemaindasitiri kwakabatana zvikuru nekuwanikwa nekushandiswa kwetekinoroji itsva, kunyanya mumaindasitiri emachira nemagetsi.
Indasitiri yemachira ndiyo yakaita kufambira mberi kwekutanga. Kugadzirwa kwaJames Hargreaves kweSpinning Jenny muna 1764 kwakabvumira mushandi mumwe chete kutenderedza shinda dzakawanda panguva imwe chete. Nguva pfupi yakatevera, Richard Arkwright akagadzira Water Frame, iyo yaishandisa simba remvura kutenderedza shinda dzakasimba uye dzakapfava. Samuel Crompton akabva abatanidza zvakanakira michina yakati wandei muSpinning Mule, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwekugadzirwa kweshinda muhuwandu uye mhando.
Kune rumwe rutivi, James Watt akaita shanduko huru kuinjini yesteam muma1760 nema1770. Injini yesteam yaWatt yaishanda zvakanyanya kupfuura dzakatangira, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, isingachagumiri munzvimbo dziri pedyo nemvura. Kushandiswa kwemainjini esteam kwakakurudzira kukura kwemafekitori makuru, kuwedzera kubereka, uye kukurumidza kushanduka kwehupfumi.
Kufambira mberi kwakaitikawo muindasitiri yesimbi. Nzira dzekunyungudutsa simbi dzinoshanda zvakanaka, kushandiswa kwemarasha ekukocha, uye kuvandudzwa kwekugadzira simbi zvakabatsira Britain kugadzira michina, njanji, mabhiriji, nemidziyo yeindasitiri pamwero mukuru. Kusanganiswa uku kwakagadzira kutenderera kwekufambira mberi: michina yakawanda yakagadzirwa, kubereka kwakawedzera, uye kudiwa kwemichina kwakawedzera.
Kubuda kweFekitori System uye Kukura kweMaguta
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzera shanduko yeindasitiri kwaive kuchinja kubva pakugadzira zvinhu pamba kuenda kuhurongwa hwemafekitori. Mafekitori akaunganidza vashandi panzvimbo imwe chete nemichina mikuru, zvichiita kuti maitiro ekugadzira aonekwe, aenderane, uye akurumidzwe. Nguva dzebasa dzakava dzenguva dzose, chirango chakaoma, uye kugoverwa kwevashandi kwakanyatsojeka.
Panguva imwe chete, kukura kwemaguta kwakawedzera zvikuru. Maguta akaita seManchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, neLeeds akava nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri. Manchester yaizivikanwa se "guta redonje" nekuti ndiyo yaiva moyo weindasitiri yemachira. Kukura uku kwemaguta nekukurumidza kwakakanganisa zvinhu zviviri: kune rumwe rutivi, kwakagadzira mabasa akawanda nemikana yebhizinesi, asi kune rumwe rutivi, kwakakonzera matambudziko emagariro evanhu akadai sekuzara kwevanhu, hutsanana husina kunaka, kusvibiswa kwevhu, uye dzimba dzekugara muzvitunha.
Kukanganisa Kwemagariro Evanhu: Kirasi Yevashandi uye Kusaenzana
Kuchinja kweMaindasitiri kwakaunza shanduko huru mumagariro evanhu. Vanhu vepakati nepakati vakabuda, vaisanganisira varidzi vemafekitori, vatengesi vezvinhu zvakawanda, nenyanzvi, avo vaifarira mabhenefiti ekukura kwemaindasitiri. Panguva imwe chete, nhamba yevashandi vemafekitori yakawedzera nekukurumidza. Vaishanda vachibhadharwa mari shoma, maawa marefu (kazhinji maawa 12-16 pazuva), uye mumamiriro ekushanda ane njodzi.
Vakadzi nevana vaiwanzoshanda nekuti vaibhadharwa mari shoma. Vana vaiwanzoshanda mumafekitori emachira kana mumigodhi yemarasha, vachitarisana nenjodzi yetsaona nekurwara. Mamiriro aya akatsoropodzwa nevaitsigira shanduko uye akakonzera mafambiro evanhu nemitemo yevashandi. Nekufamba kwenguva, hurumende yeBritain yakagadza mitemo yakaita seFactory Acts yekuganhurira maawa ekushanda evana uye kugadzirisa mamiriro emufekitori.
Kusarongeka kwehupfumi inyaya huruwo. Pfuma iri mumaoko evanoita zvemabhizinesi, ukuwo vashandi vachirarama nekushaya chekurarama nacho. Kusawirirana pakati pevashandi nevaridzi vemafekitori kwakaita kuti masangano evashandi nemasangano evashandi awane mihoro yakanaka, maawa ekushanda ane hunhu hwakanaka, uye kodzero dzevashandi.
Mhedzisiro Yezvehupfumi Nepasi Rose
Muhupfumi, shanduko yeindasitiri yakaita kuti Britain ive nyika ine simba kwazvo yeindasitiri muzana remakore rechi19. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda kwakadzikisa mutengo wezvinhu uye kwakawedzera kutengeserana. Britain yakakwanisa kutumira machira, michina, nezvimwe zvinhu zveindasitiri kunyika dzakawanda. Simba iri reindasitiri rakasimbisawo kutonga kweBritain mukutengeserana kwenyika uye rakawedzera simba rayo remakoloni, sezvo koloni dzakava manyuko ezvigadzirwa uye misika yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa.
Chimurenga cheindasitiri hachina kumira muEngland. Tekinoroji dzayo uye magadzirirwo ezvigadzirwa zvakapararira kuEurope, kuUnited States, uye pasi rese. Saka, zviitiko zvakatanga muEngland zvakabatsira kugadzira hurongwa hwehupfumi hwepasi rose hwemazuva ano, kusanganisira kukwira kwehupfumi hwemaindasitiri uye kukwikwidzana kwenyika dzakawanda mukugadzira zvinhu.
Mhedziso
Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri muEngland chaive chinhu chikuru chakachinja nhoroondo yebudiriro yevanhu. Kuchinja kubva pakushanda kwevanhu nekushanda mudzimba kuenda kumashini nemafekitori kwakachinja zvinhu zvese zvehupenyu: zvehupfumi, zvemagariro evanhu, zvetsika, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Kunyange zvazvo kwakaunza kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kukura kwehupfumi kunoshamisa, kwakagadzirawo matambudziko emagariro evanhu akadai sekushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwevashandi, maguta asingadzoreki, uye kusaenzana. Nekunzwisisa Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri muEngland, tinogona kuona kuti tekinoroji nehurongwa hwehupfumi zvakashandura sei nyika—uye tinoziva kuti kufambira mberi kwese kunoperekedzwa nekudiwa kwemitemo uye mutoro wemagariro evanhu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mabhenefiti ayo anonzwiwa zvakaenzana nemazinga ese enharaunda.
