Nguva yeVictorian uye Kubudirira kweEngland
Nguva yeVictorian (1837–1901) inoratidza imwe yenguva dzakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yeBritain. Kutonga kwaMambokadzi Victoria kwakanga kusiri nguva yenguva chete, asi nguva yekushanduka kukuru kwakashandura Britain kuita simba repasi rose rine simba guru rehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, tsika, uye tekinoroji. Munguva iyi, Britain yakaona budiriro nekukurumidza nekuda kweIndustrial Revolution, kuwedzera kweumambo, shanduko munharaunda, uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi. Zvisinei, pasi pemufananidzo wekubudirira nekufambira mberi kwaiva nekusarongeka kwakasiyana-siyana munharaunda, kushandiswa kwevakoloni, uye matambudziko etsika akaumba hunhu hwakaoma hwenharaunda yeVictorian.
Kumashure: Kumuka kweVictoria uye Mamiriro Enyika yeEngland
Mambokadzi Victoria akagara pachigaro cheumambo muna 1837 sezvo Britain yakanga yatova munzira yekukura kwemaindasitiri. Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri chakatanga kukura kubvira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18, asi panguva yeVictorian ndipo pakasvika simba rayo guru: mafekitori akabudirira, maguta akawedzera, uye mararamiro akachinja zvikuru. Vanhu vekumaruwa vakaungana kumaguta vachida mabasa, zvichiita kuti maguta akurumidze kukura, izvo zvaisawanzoenderana nedzimba dzakakwana, utsanana, uye mabasa everuzhinji.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, Britain yakagadzira hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hweparamende hwakaramba hwakasimba. Kunyange zvazvo mambo kana mambokadzi vakaramba vari chiratidzo chakakosha, simba rehurumende rakaramba richitongwa nedare remakurukota neparamende. Nguva iyi yakaona ruzivo rweveruzhinji nezvenyaya dzezvemagariro evanhu nedzezvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwenhau.
Kuchinja Kwemaindasitiri: Michina, Mafekitori, neMaguta
Kubudirira kweEngland munguva yeVictorian kwakabatana zvikuru neIndustrial Revolution. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakadai semainjini emhepo, michina yekuruka nekuruka, uye kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemarasha kwakasimudzira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Maindasitiri emachira, simbi, uye migodhi akava musimboti wehupfumi. Njanji dzakakurawo zvinoshamisa, dzichibatanidza maguta emaindasitiri akadai seManchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, neLondon.
Njanji hadzina kungokurumidzisa kufamba kwezvinhu nevanhu chete asiwo dzakabatanidza misika yenyika. Mitengo yakanga yakadzikama, kupararira kwacho kwaikurumidza, uye nzvimbo dzaive dzisina vanhu dzaibatanidzwa. Uyezve, telegraph yakawedzera kukurumidza kwekutaurirana, zvichiita kuti Britain inzwe sekuti yakanga yava kupinda munguva yemazuva ano.
Zvisinei, kukura kwemaindasitiri kwakaunza divi rakaipa. Vashandi vemumafekitori, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, vaiwanzotarisana nenguva refu yekushanda vachibhadharwa mari shoma. Matumbu mumaguta emaindasitiri akava zviratidzo zvekusaenzana. Hunhu hwemhepo hwakaderera nekuda kwekusvibiswa, nepo nzizi dzichisvibiswa nemarara emaindasitiri. Kubudirira kwehupfumi kwakaitika, asi hakuna kugara kuchikonzera kubudirira kwakapararira.
Kuchinja Kwemagariro Evanhu uye Kuchinja Kwemakirasi
Nzanga yeVictorian inowanzobatanidzwa nehunhu hwakanaka, kushanda nesimba, uye chirango. Kukosha kwe "kuremekedzwa" (kuremekedzwa munharaunda) kwakava kwakakosha, kunyanya kune vepakati nepakati vaikura nekukurumidza. Vepakati nepakati vaisanganisira mabhizinesi, nyanzvi, vashandi vehurumende, nevatengesi vakabatsirwa nehupfumi hwemaindasitiri nekutengeserana kwepasi rose. Vakakurudzira shanduko mudzidzo, hutano, uye kuronga maguta kuti zvienderane nepfungwa dzekufambira mberi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, boka revashandi rakatanga kuumba hunhu hweboka. Kufamba kwevashandi kwakawedzera, pasinei nekudzvinyirirwa kwakawanda. Masangano evashandi akawana simba zvishoma nezvishoma, uye mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yakatanga kutonga maawa ekushanda, kuchengetedzeka, uye kodzero dzevashandi. Kugadziriswa kwakaitikawo munharaunda yesarudzo—kuburikidza neReform Acts—iyo yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kodzero dzekuvhota, kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vakawana kodzero dzekuvhota dzakakosha kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
Dzidzo yakafambira mberi zvikuru. Hurumende nemasangano ekubatsira vanhu vakavamba zvikoro, vakawedzera kuverenga nekunyora, uye vakakurudzira kusimudzirwa kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi. Kufambira mberi mudzidzo kwakasimudzirawo tsika yekuverenga: mapepanhau, mabhuku, nemagazini zvakatanga kushandiswa nevanhu vakawanda.
Umambo hweBritain: Kuwedzera uye Mhedzisiro Yahwo
Nguva yeVictorian ndiyo yaiva nguva yekuwedzera kweUmambo hweBritain. Britain yakawedzera simba rayo muIndia, Africa, Southeast Asia, nedzimwe nzvimbo. India yakava "dombo guru rehumambo," kunyanya mushure mekutorwa kwayo zvakananga neBritain muna 1858 mushure meSepoy Mutiny (1857). Pamusoro pekutumira kunze zvinhu zvemaindasitiri, Britain yakatengawo zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kumakoloni: donje, tii, shuga, nezvinonhuwira.
Umambo uhwu hwakaunza mabhenefiti makuru kuBritain, huchisimbisa hupfumi hwayo uye chinzvimbo chayo mune zvematongerwo enyika. London yakava nzvimbo yezvemari yepasi rose, mabhanga, makambani einishuwarenzi, uye kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda zvichiwedzera kusimba. Zvisinei, kuwedzera uku kwakavakirwawo pakusaenzana kukuru: kushandiswa zvisina kunaka mune hupfumi, kuiswa kwemitemo yekoloni, uye kusawirirana kwakasiya migumisiro inogara kwenguva refu munharaunda dzekoloni.
Mumaonero eVictorian, pfungwa ye "basa rekusimudzira magariro evanhu" yaiwanzoshandiswa kururamisa hutongi hwevagari vemo. Zvisinei, chokwadi chaiitika pasi chaiwanzoratidza kuti kudzvanyirirwa nekutonga kwaive pakati pehukama hwehumambo. Kushoropodzwa kwehutongi hwevagari vemo kwakabuda, asi kutonga kwehumambo kwakaramba kuri chinhu chikuru muBritain munguva iyi.
Kufambira Mberi Kwesainzi Netsika
Nguva yeVictorian yakaratidzwawo nekufambira mberi kwesainzi kwakachinja maonero evanhu nyika. Zvakawanikwa zvitsva nedzidziso zvakachinja kunzwisisa kwechisikigo, hutano, uye nzanga. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chaive dzidziso yaCharles Darwin yekushanduka-shanduka, yakaburitswa muna 1859 muOn the Origin of Species. Dzidziso iyi yakakonzera gakava guru, kunyanya maererano nehukama huripo pakati pesainzi nechitendero.
Muchikamu chehutano, shanduko dzehutsanana uye kunzwisisa zvirwere zvakafambira mberi. Maguta akatanga kuvaka masisitimu etsvina uye kupa mvura yakachena. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri kushanda zvizere, matanho aya akaderedza kupararira kwezvirwere uye akawedzera makore ekurarama.
Tsika yakakurumbira yeVictorian yaive nepesvedzero yakasimba yemabhuku. Vanyori vakaita saCharles Dickens vakataura nezvenyaya dzeurombo, kushandiswa kwevana, uye kusaruramisira munharaunda mumabasa aiwanikwa neveruzhinji. Mabhuku engano akava nzira huru yekufungisisa munharaunda. Panguva iyi, hunyanzvi nekuvaka zvakabudirira kuburikidza neGothic Revival, uye kuumbwa kwemamiziyamu, maraibhurari, nemasangano etsika kwakasimbisa kudada kwenyika.
Mutemo weKunze kwenyika uye Simba rePasirose
Kubudirira kweBritain se "simba guru" remuzana remakore rechi19 kwakabatana zvikuru nengarava dzayo dzemugungwa dzakasimba. Britain yaidzora nzira dzekutengeserana dzakakosha uye yakaramba ichitonga zvemugungwa. Mutemo wekunze kwenyika waiwanzotarisa kugadzikana kweEurope uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvido zvekutengeserana pasi rose. Hondo dzakadai seHondo yeCrimea (1853–1856) dzakaratidza kubatanidzwa kweBritain mune zvematongerwo enyika epasi rose.
Munyika, gakava rakamuka pakati pemitemo yehupfumi yakasununguka (kutengeserana kwakasununguka) uye zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu varombo. Britain yakatarisanawo nemibvunzo yerudzi, kunyanya sezvo Ireland yaida kuzvitonga kwakawanda. Mubvunzo weIrish wakazova imwe yenyaya dzakaoma dzezvematongerwo enyika dzekupera kwezana remakore rechi19.
Kusawirirana kweNguva yeVictorian: Kufambira Mberi uye Kusaenzana
Nguva yeVictorian inowanzoyeukwa senguva yekukunda, asi kusawirirana ndiko kwainyanya kuisiyanisa. Kune rumwe rutivi, Britain yakabudirira nekukurumidza muindasitiri, sainzi, uye masangano ehurumende. Kune rumwe rutivi, urombo, basa risina kugadzikana, uye kusarongeka kwemapoka evanhu zvakaramba zvakasimba. Tsika dzevanhu dzichisimbisa kurongeka dzaiwanzoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma munharaunda: kushandiswa kwevana, dzimba dzisina kunaka, uye hutano husina kunaka.
Kunyangwe pakati pevanhu vepamusoro, paiva nekunetseka nezvemhedzisiro yekukura kwemaindasitiri: kurasikirwa netsika, kuwedzera kwemhosva, uye kusagadzikana munharaunda. Kuchinja kwakawanda kwakabva kwete chete nekuda kwezvinangwa asiwo nekutya kuti kusaruramisira kusina kudzorwa kwaigona kukonzera kusawirirana.
Penutup
Nguva yeVictorian ndiyo yaive nguva yekutanga kweBritain yemazuva ano. Pakati pa1837 na1901, Britain yakabuda senzvimbo yepasi rose yeindasitiri nemari, ichitungamira mukuvandudza tekinoroji, ichikura humambo hwayo, uye ichivaka tsika nemasangano anogara kwenguva refu. Kugadzirwa kwakawedzera, maguta akakura, uye hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakachinja huchienda kune vanhu vakawanda. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi uku kwakauya nemutengo wakakwira kune vashandi nevanhu vemakoloni.
Kunzwisisa Nguva yeVictorian zvinoreva kuona mativi maviri: kubudirira kukuru kwekufambira mberi nekuvandudzwa, pamwe nematambudziko ekusarongeka kwevanhu uye kutonga kwehumambo. Izvi zvinotibvumira kunzwisisa kuti nei Britain yakapinda muzana remakore rechi20 senyika ine simba pasi rose, asi inewo nhaka yakaoma ichiri kukurukurwa kusvika nanhasi.
