Zvinoreva uye Nhoroondo yeRwiyo rweNyika rweAmerica
Rwiyo rwenyika rweUnited States, "The Star-Spangled Banner," harusi rwiyo rwemhemberero chete rwunoimbwa mitambo isati yatanga kana panguva yemitambo yenyika. Pasi pemavhesi ayo enhetembo nerwiyo rwekupikisa pane nyaya yakazvarwa nehondo, kuzvidya mwoyo, tariro, uye kuumbwa kwehunhu hweAmerica. Kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nerwiyo urwu nenhoroondo zvinoreva kutevera nguva iyo nyika diki yakaisa zviratidzo zvayo—kunyanya mureza—sechiratidzo chekuramba ichirarama.
Nzvimbo Yenhoroondo: Hondo ya1812 uye Kutyisidzira kuAmerica
Kuti tinzwisise mavambo e "The Star-Spangled Banner," tinofanira kudzokera kumashure kumavambo ezana remakore rechi19, kunyanya Hondo ya1812 pakati peUnited States neGreat Britain. Hondo iyi yakakonzereswa nezvinhu zvakati wandei: kusawirirana kwekutengeserana, nyaya yekumanikidzwa kweBritish, uye kusawirirana kwemiganhu kwaisanganisirawo maNative America. Hondo payakatanga, America yakanga ichiri nyika diki uye isati yagadzikana zvizere mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvehondo.
Muna 1814, maBritish akatanga kurwisa kukuru mudunhu reChesapeake. Vakapisa Washington, D.C., kusanganisira White House neCapitol, chiratidzo chakanyadzisa America. Mushure meizvozvo, chinangwa chikuru chinotevera chaive Baltimore, guta rechiteshi chengarava rakakosha uye nzvimbo yezvehupfumi. Pamuromo pechiteshi chengarava cheBaltimore paive neFort McHenry, nhare huru mukudzivirira kweguta. Kana nhare ikadonha, Baltimore yaizofumurwa.
Francis Scott Key neHusiku kuFort McHenry
Munhu mukuru mukuumbwa kwemashoko erwiyo rwenyika aive Francis Scott Key, gweta reMaryland uye mudetembi asina kudzidza. MunaGunyana 1814, Key akakwira ngarava yaienda kuzvikepe zveBritain, kwete kuhondo, asi kuhurukuro. Akatsvaga kusunungura chiremba wekuAmerica, William Beanes, uyo aibatwa neBritish. Hurukuro dzakaenderera mberi, uye maBritish akabvuma kusunungura Beanes. Zvisinei, nekuti Key nevamwe vake vakanga vanzwa nezvekurwiswa kweBaltimore neBritain kwakarongwa, havana kubvumidzwa kudzoka kusvika basa remauto rapera.
Husiku hwaGunyana 13-14, 1814, hwaive nguva inoshamisa. Key akatarisa ari muchikepe chikuru cheBritish chairwisa Fort McHenry. Kwemaawa angangoita makumi maviri nemashanu, pfuti nemaroketi zvakanaya panhare. Murima nemvura, Key aisakwanisa kuona kana nhare yacho yakanga ichiripo. Akanga achitsvaga kwete mamiriro enhare chete asiwo chiratidzo: mureza mukuru weAmerica waiwanzobhururuka pamusoro peFort McHenry.
Mambakwedza paakatanga kubuda, mhute yakatanga kupenya. Key akazopedzisira aona mureza uchiri kubhururuka. Chiono ichi chakava chiratidzo chekukunda kukuru—kwete nekuti hondo yakaguma nekukasika, asi nekuti nhare yakanga isina kukanda mapfumo pasi. Baltimore yakaponeswa, uye tsika dzeAmerica dzakawedzera. Kubva pane zvakaitika izvi zvakaita kuti Key anyore nhetembo iyi iyo yaizova mashoko erwiyo rwenyika.
Kubva paNhetembo kusvika paRwiyo: "Kudzivirirwa kweFort M'Henry"
Key akanyora nhetembo yake, "Kudzivirirwa kweFort M'Henry." Nhetembo iyi inotsanangura kushushikana kwehusiku hwekurwiswa, kupenya kwemaroketi mudenga, kuputika kwemabhomba, uye kunyanya kuzorora kwekuona mureza weAmerica uchiri kuoneka mangwanani. Mutsetse wayo wekutanga wakakurumbira—“O say you can see, by the dawn of the early…”—inotanga nyaya inokurumidza kukoka muverengi (uye gare gare muteereri) kuti afungidzire mambakwedza mushure mehusiku hwenyonganyonga.
Nhetembo yaKey inobva yabatanidzwa nerwiyo rwaifarirwa panguva iyoyo, "To Anacreon in Heaven," rwiyo rwemimhanzi yekirabhu yeChirungu yemuzana remakore rechi18. Izvi zvinonakidza uye zvinosetsa: rwiyo urwu runobva mutsika dzemimhanzi dzeChirungu, nepo mashoko acho aibva mukuramba kupinda kweEngland. Zvisinei, tsika ye "kutora rwiyo rwakajairika" rwemashoko matsva yaive yakajairika panguva iyoyo, sezvo yaibatsira kupararira kwenziyo.
Nekuti rwiyo rwacho runotambanuka zvakasiyana-siyana, rwiyo urwu rwakaoma kuimba. Zvisinei, dambudziko iri ndiro rinoita kuti rwiyo urwu ruwedzere "hukuru" kana rwukaimbwa pamitambo mikuru.
Chirevo Chekufananidzira: Mureza seChiratidzo Chekutsungirira
Zvinorehwa zvikuru ne "The Star-Spangled Banner" zvinobva pachiratidzo chemureza. Mureza uri kutaurwa nezvawo waive mukuru une nyeredzi gumi neshanu nemitsetse gumi neshanu (kwete nyeredzi makumi mashanu dzanhasi). Wakasonerwa naMary Pickersgill nechikwata chake muBaltimore. Waive mukuru—wakagadzirwa kuti uoneke zviri kure, kusanganisira kubva kuzvikepe zvaiva pachiteshi chengarava. Ndosaka Key aigona kuiona ari kure mambakwedza, uye mureza wakashanda sechiratidzo chekuona kuti nhare yakanga isina kudonha.
Mumashoko erwiyo, mureza hausi jira chete, asi chiratidzo chekupona kwenyika. Key paanobvunza kuti, "Mureza une nyeredzi uchiri kubhururuka here?", anotowedzera mubvunzo uyu achiti: "Nyika ino ichiripo here?" Mukutaura kwevaAmerica vechidiki, zviratidzo zvakadaro zvakashanda sechinongedzo chekuzivikanwa kwenyika.
Kubva paRwiyo Rwakakurumbira kuenda kuRwiyo Rwenyika Rwepamutemo
Kunyangwe nhetembo nerwiyo zvakakurumidza kufarirwa, America haina kuigamuchira pakarepo serwiyo rwenyika rwepamutemo. Muzana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, America yakashandisa nziyo dzakasiyana-siyana dzerudo, dzakadai sedzinoti “Hail, Columbia” uye “My Country, 'Tis of Thee.” “The Star-Spangled Banner” yaiwanzoimbwa pazviitiko zvemauto neveruzhinji, asi chimiro chayo chakanga chisati chazivikanwa.
Kuchinja kukuru kwakaitika apo rwiyo urwu rwakatanga kushandiswa kakawanda pazviitiko zvepamutemo. US Navy ndiyo yaiva imwe yemasangano ekutanga kurishandisa pamhemberero. Uyezve, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, tsika yekuimba rwiyo urwu mitambo isati yatanga—ichiwedzera kusvika kwarwo kune veruzhinji.
Muna 1931, mushure menguva refu yekuratidzira pachena uye rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika, United States Congress yakagadza "The Star-Spangled Banner" serwiyo rwenyika rwepamutemo, uye Mutungamiri Herbert Hoover akasaina kuti ive mutemo. Kubva ipapo, rwiyo urwu rwave chiratidzo chemhemberero yenyika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kuzvikoro kusvika kuhurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Gakava uye Dudziro Yemazuva Ano
Sechiratidzo chenyika, "The Star-Spangled Banner" yakakonzerawo gakava. Imwe dingindira rinowanzo kurukurwa ivhesi rechitatu, rinotaura nezve "kubhadharwa nevaranda," izvo vamwe vanodudzira sezvine chekuita nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika panguva iyoyo, kusanganisira nyaya yeuranda. Kunyange zvazvo mavhesi asiri ekutanga asingawanzoimbwa pachena, hurukuro dzedzidzo nedzemagariro evanhu dzakatarisa kana tsika dzerwiyo urwu dzichienderana zvizere nemisimboti yerusununguko inowanzobatanidzwa neAmerica.
Uyezve, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, rwiyo rwenyika rweAmerica rwave nzvimbo yekutaura zvematongerwo enyika, semuenzaniso kuburikidza nekuratidzira kana zviratidzo zvakasiyana panguva yekuimba rwiyo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti rwiyo rwenyika harungoshandi setsika yekubatana chete asiwo senzvimbo yekutaurirana zvinoreva nyika, kururamisira, uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika.
Mhedziso: Nziyo seZvinyorwa zveManzwiro eMubatanidzwa
"The Star-Spangled Banner" yakazvarwa kubva pane zvakaitika muhupenyu chaihwo: hondo yevanhuwo zvavo vachiona uye vachiisa tariro yavo pamureza uchizunguzwa muzuva remangwanani. Kubva panguva iyoyo, nhetembo yakazvarwa yakazova rwiyo rwunoratidza kusimba kwenyika. Nhoroondo yayo inoratidza kuti mimhanzi inogona sei kushandura chiitiko chehondo kuita chiratidzo chetsika, uye kuti chiratidzo ichocho chinoramba chichidudzirwa patsva nezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
Pakupedzisira, zvinorehwa nerwiyo rwenyika rweAmerica hazvisi zvekungokunda kana hondo chete, asi nezvemakakatanwa aripo pakati pekutya netariro—uye nezvemubvunzo uri nyore wagara uchibvunzwa kubvira muna 1814: mureza uchiri kubhururuka here, uye "kurarama" zvinorevei kurudzi?
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera runyorwa rwechokwadi (nguva) rweHondo ya1812 nezviitiko zveFort McHenry, kana kugadzira chinyorwa chine ruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro penyaya yacho chine zvinyorwa zvekwakabva.
