Kukosha kweHondo dzePunic muNhoroondo yeRoma
Hondo dzePunic dzaive nhevedzano yehondo huru pakati peRoman Republic neCarthage dzakaitika muzana remakore rechitatu kusvika rechipiri BC. Dzinonzi "Punic" nekuti dzinobva pashoko rechiLatin rekuti Poeni, izwi rechiRoma rekuti vaFenikiya—midzi yerudzi netsika dzeCarthage. Hondo nhatu huru (Hondo dzePunic I, II, neIII) dzaisangova hondo dzenzvimbo muMediterranean, asi dzaive nzvimbo dzakachinja Roma kubva kusimba reItaly redunhu kuita humambo hweMediterranean. Kunzwisisa kukosha kweHondo dzePunic zvinoreva kunzwisisa kuti Roma yakatanga sei kutonga kwemauto, hupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika, ukuwo ichitarisana nemigumisiro yemagariro evanhu yaizozunungusa republic pachayo.
Kumashure: masimba maviri anobonderana zvisingadzivisike
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechitatu BC, Roma yakanga yatora chikamu chikuru cheItaly. Kusiyana neizvi, Carthage ndiyo yaiva simba guru rezvemugungwa nekutengeserana kumadokero kweMediterranean, ine mubatanidzwa wemakoloni nezviteshi zvakakosha kuNorth Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, neSpain. Kusawirirana pakati pezviviri izvi kwaive kusingadzivisike, sezvo zvese zvaive nezvido munzvimbo imwe chete, kunyanya Sicily—chitsuwa chakakosha chaishanda se "bhiriji" pakati peItaly neAfrica uye nzvimbo huru yekutengeserana kwezviyo nenzira dzegungwa.
Nemamwe mashoko, Hondo dzePunic dzakanga dzisiri hondo isina kurongeka, asi dzaive kurwisana pakati pemhando mbiri dzesimba: Roma, iyo yakabudirira mukuronga nyika nekuunganidza vagari, ichirwisa Carthage, iyo yakabudirira mumauto egungwa, mari, uye ma network ekutengeserana.
Hondo yePunic Yekutanga (264–241 BC): Roma inodzidza kuva simba remugungwa
Hondo yePunic yekutanga yakatangwa nekurwira simba muSicily. Pakutanga, Roma yakanga isina ruzivo rwakawanda muhondo dzemugungwa. Zvisinei, hondo iyi yakaratidza chimwe chezvinhu zvaizivikanwa neRoma: kugona kuchinjika nemasangano. Roma yakavaka ngarava hombe munguva pfupi uye yakagadzira nzira itsva dzakadai secorvus, zambuko rinopinda nechisimba raibvumira mauto kurwa mungarava dzevavengi sekunge vari panyika.
Mugumisiro wekupedzisira waive wakakosha: Carthage yakarasikirwa neSicily ndokupa Roma. Sicily yakazova dunhu rekutanga reRoma kunze kweItaly. Iyi yaive nguva inokosha—Roma yakanga isisiri mubatanidzwa weItaly chete, asi simba reumambo rakatanga kutonga nzvimbo dzakakundwa. Uyezve, kukunda uku kwakagadzira nzira yekukunda kweRoma Sardinia neCorsica, ichiwedzera kutonga kwayo kwegungwa nezviwanikwa.
Hondo iyi yakaunzawo chokwadi chitsva: hondo dziri kure dzaida mari yakawanda, zvinhu, uye hutungamiriri hwehurumende. Apa ndipo pakatanga hurongwa hwehurumende yeRoma, zvichiisa hwaro hwekuwedzera mune ramangwana.
Hondo Yechipiri yePunic (218–201 BC): bvunzo yekuvapo uye kuzvarwa kwehutongi hweRoma
Kana Hondo yePunic yekutanga yakasimbisa Roma sesimba remugungwa, Hondo yePunic yechipiri yakaedza kuramba iripo senyika. Kurwisana uku kunozivikanwa zvikuru naHannibal Barca, mukuru wemauto eCarthaginian akaita imwe yemaitiro ehondo ane ushingi munhoroondo: kuyambuka Alps nekupinda muItaly kubva kuchamhembe, vachiunza uto remarudzi akasiyana-siyana nenzou dzehondo.
Kukunda kwaHannibal—kunyanya paTrebia, Lake Trasimene, neCannae (216 BC)—kwakaunza Roma pamucheto wekuputsika. Cannae inowanzoonekwa seimwe yekukundwa kwakaipisisa munhoroondo yehondo, nemakumi ezviuru zvemasoja eRoma akaurayiwa muhondo imwe chete. Asi dambudziko iri rakaratidza kukosha kweHondo Yechipiri yePunic: Roma yakaramba kukanda mapfumo pasi. Hurumende yakaunganidza vanhu vakawanda, yakachinja maitiro, uye yakaratidza kushinga kukuru mune zvematongerwo enyika.
Maitiro eRoma akazoshanduka kuita nzira yeku "dzivisa hondo huru" muItaly ukuwo ichikanganisa ma network eCarthage kune dzimwe nzvimbo. MuSpain, Roma yakarwisa hwaro hwehupfumi hweCarthage. MuAfrica, Publius Cornelius Scipio (akazove Africanus) akaunza hondo kunyika yeCarthage, zvichimanikidza Hannibal kudzokera kumusha. Hondo yeZama (202 BC) yakanga yakakosha: Carthage yakakundwa, uye Roma yakava simba guru kumadokero kweMediterranean.
Zvaireva nezvezvematongerwo enyika zvaive zvakakura. Kukundwa kweCarthage kwakaita kuti Roma isisina muvengi kumadokero. Roma yakabva yava nerusununguko rwakawanda rwekuenda kumabvazuva, ichipinda muhondo neumambo hwechiGiriki hwakaita seMakedhoniya neSeleucia. Nemamwe mashoko, kukunda Carthage kwakavhura mukana wekutonga kweRoma muMediterranean yese.
Hondo yePunic yechitatu (149–146 BC): kuguma kweCarthage uye chiratidzo chezvematongerwo enyika cheRoma
Hondo yechitatu yePunic inowanzoonekwa se "isina kuenzana" zvakanyanya. Carthage, yakatopera simba nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma eHondo yechipiri yePunic, yakavazve chinangwa chekutya kweRoma uye chishuwo. Kwaiva nezvinhu zvehupfumi—Carthage yakanga yava kupora senzvimbo yekutengeserana—uye zvinhu zvezvematongerwo enyika zvemunyika muRome, uko vamwe vapfumi vaitsigira kuparadzwa kweCarthage zvachose. Mutsara wakakurumbira wekuti "Carthago delenda est" (Carthage inofanira kuparadzwa) unowanzo taurwa nezvaCato the Elder, zvichiratidza kutsunga kwevamwe vevapfumi veRoma.
Hondo yakapera zvinosuruvarisa: Carthage yakaparadzwa, vagari vayo vakaurayiwa kana kuitwa varanda, uye nharaunda yayo yakava dunhu reRoma muAfrica. Nenzira yekufananidzira, izvi zvakasimbisa kuti Roma yaisada kungokunda chete asiwo kuona kuti hapana muvengi mukuru aizomuka kuva nesimba kumadokero. Hondo iyi yakaratidza danho idzva muhutongi hweRoma—hwakanyanya chisimba, hwekupedzisira, uye hwakanyanya kutarisa pakutonga kwechigarire.
Kuchinja kwemauto: kubva kumauto evagari kuenda kuhondo dzehumambo
Hondo dzePunic dzakakonzera shanduko muuto reRoma. Makumi emakore ekuunganidza vanhu vakawanda kwakaita kuti Roma ivimbe nehurongwa hwekutora vanhu vakawanda, mitemo yekufambisa zvinhu yakaoma, uye ruzivo rwehunyanzvi. Kudiwa kwekutarisana naHannibal kwakakurudzirawo kufunga zvine chekuita nehurongwa: maitiro ekuchengetedza mubatanidzwa, kutarisira tsika dzevanhu, uye kuronga miganhu yehondo yakawanda.
Hondo iyi yakabatsira kutanga tsika yevatungamiriri vakuru vane mukurumbira waipfuura masangano erepublican. Scipio Africanus akava muenzaniso wekutanga we "mukurumbira wemauto" uyo mukurumbira wake waipesana nekuenzana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Maitiro aya akazobatsirawo pakukwira kwevanhu vakaita saMarius, Sulla, Pompey, naJulius Caesar.
Mhedzisiro yehupfumi: pfuma, matunhu, uye kusaenzana
Kukunda kweRoma kwakaita kuti zvinhu zvakapambwa muhondo zviwanikwe, mitero yematunhu, uye mukana wekutengeserana wakawanda. Matunhu akaita seSicily neAfrica akava vatengesi vakakosha vezviyo, zvichisimbisa kuwanikwa kwechikafu muRoma. Zvisinei, kupfuma uku kwaive nerutivi rwakaipa: kuwedzera kusaenzana kwevanhu munharaunda.
Varimi vazhinji vadiki vekuItaly—vari musimboti weuto reRepublican—vakamanikidzwa nehondo dzakatora nguva refu, vakarasikirwa nenyika yavo, kana kuti vakava nechikwereti chakakura. Panguva imwe chete, vapfumi vakapfuma vakabatanidza nyika yavo kuita latifundia (nzvimbo hombe) dzaitsigirwa zvakanyanya nevaranda vanobva kunzvimbo dzakakundwa. Saka, Hondo dzePunic dzakakonzera dambudziko rezvehupfumi muItaly iro rakazokonzera gakava rezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira shanduko dzeGracchi dzezana remakore rechipiri BC.
Mhedzisiro yezvematongerwo enyika netsika: mugwagwa unoenda kuumambo
Muzvematongerwo enyika, kubudirira kwekukura kwenzvimbo kwakapa dambudziko idzva: kuti maguta aizotonga sei nzvimbo dzakakura, dzine marudzi akasiyana-siyana. Hurongwa hwemaRepublican hwakanga hwakagadzirirwa Rome neItaly hwaifanira kutonga matunhu, magavhuna, mitero, uye kutonga kure. Izvi zvakawedzera matambudziko ehuori hwematunhu, kukwikwidzana pakati pevapfumi, uye kurwira hutungamiriri hwemauto.
Mutsika, kutaurirana kwakasimba nenyika yeMediterranean kwakakurumidzisa kuchinjana mazano, hunyanzvi, nedzidzo, kunyanya kubva kunyika yechiGiriki. Roma yakawedzera kuva netsika dzakasiyana-siyana, asi yakasanganawo nehondo yekuzivikanwa: pakati pekuchengetedza tsika dzakareruka, dzechinyakare uye kugamuchira mararamiro eumbozha aiuya nepfuma yeumambo.
Mhedziso: Hondo dzePunic senzvimbo yekuchinja munhoroondo yeRoma
Kukosha kweHondo dzePunic munhoroondo yeRoma kuri muhukuru hwadzo, izvo zvakasarudza mafambiro ekukura kweRoma kwemazana emakore. Hondo Yekutanga yePunic yakasimbisa Roma sesimba remugungwa nereumambo kuburikidza nemapurovhinzi ayo ekunze kweItaly. Hondo Yechipiri yePunic yaive bvunzo yehupenyu yakasimbisa kugona kweRoma kusimba, hurongwa, uye kutonga muMediterranean. Hondo Yechitatu yePunic yakagumisa kukwikwidzana neCarthage uye yakagadzira muenzaniso wehudzvanyiriri hweumambo.
Asi kukunda kwakauya nemutengo: kusaenzana kwehupfumi, shanduko mumagariro evanhu, uye kuwedzera kwebasa remauto mune zvematongerwo enyika. Saka, Hondo dzePunic dzakanga dzisiri nyaya yekukunda chete, asi maitiro akachinja Republic yeRoma—kuvhura nzira yehukuru hweumambo, ukuwo achidyarawo mbeu dzematambudziko emukati aizogumisa Republic pachayo.
