Gakava pamusoro peHondo dzeOpium
Hondo dzeOpium dzaive imwe yezviitiko zvine gakava zvikuru munhoroondo yehukama hwepasi rose hwemuzana remakore rechi19. Kusawirirana uku, kwakarwiwa zvikuru pakati peHumambo hweQing hweChina neGreat Britain (uye gare gare kwaisanganisira France), kwaive kunopfuura kungova hondo yekutengeserana, asi kwaiva kusangana kwakaoma kwezvido zvehupfumi, tsika, hutongi hwenyika, uye shanduko muhurongwa hwenyika. Kusvika nhasi, Hondo dzeOpium dzichiri kumutsa gakava: hondo iyi yaingova chiito chekurwisa kwehumambo, mhinduro ku "zvipingamupinyi zvekutengeserana" zveChina, kana kuti mhedzisiro yekusawirirana kwemaitiro maviri akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi?
Nhoroondo: kutengeserana kusina kuenzana uye opium se "mhinduro"
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Europe—kunyanya Britain—yaida zvinhu zvekuChina zvakaita setii, sirika, uye porcelain. Dambudziko raiva rekuti, Qing yakanga isingade zvinhu zvakagadzirwa neBritain. Canton System yairambidza vatengesi vekune dzimwe nyika kupinda mune zvimwe zviteshi, kuburikidza nevamiririri vane mvumo, uye vachitarisirwa zvakanyanya. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Britain yakava nedambudziko rekutengeserana sezvo mari yakawanda yaibuda kuti ibhadhare zvinhu zvekuChina.
Apa ndipo pakachinja zvinhu zvakanyanya. Kambani yeBritish East India nevatengesi vega vakawedzera kugadzirwa kweopium muIndia ndokuzoitengesa zvisiri pamutemo kuChina. Kudiwa kweopium kwakawedzera, zvichiita kuti kuyerera kwesirivha kudzokere shure—kubva kuChina. Kune vekuBritain nevekutengeserana vavo, opium yairatidzika kunge "chinhu chinopa mari yakawanda." Asi kune vakuru veQing, opium yaive njodzi huru munharaunda nehupfumi: kupararira kwezvinodhaka, kubereka kwakakanganisika, uye kugadzikana kwemari kwakatyisidzirwa.
Gakava rekutanga rakamuka pano: vatsigiri vehurongwa hweBritain panguva iyoyo vaiwanzotaura nyaya iyi senzira yekuyedza "kuvhura kutengeserana kwakasununguka" kune hurongwa hwaionekwa sehwakavharwa uye husina kururama. Panguva iyi, vatsoropodzi—kusanganisira vamwe vari muparamende yeBritain—vaiona kutengesa zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo uku vachisimbirira pakubvumidza kutengeserana kuve hunyengeri hwehumambo.
Chinokonzeresa hondo: Lin Zexu uye kupesana kwenheyo
Muna 1839, Mambo weDaoguang akarayira Lin Zexu, mukuru wepabasa, kuti abvise kutengeserana kweopium. Lin akatora matanho akasimba: kutora nekuparadza zvinhu zveopium zvaiva zvevatengesi vekune dzimwe nyika muGuangzhou nekudzvinyirira ma network ekuparadzira. Kuparadzwa kweopium muHumen kunowanzoonekwa sekwakakonzera Hondo Yekutanga yeOpium (1839–1842).
Kubva pamaonero eQing, zviito zvaLin zvaive zvekumanikidza mapurisa kurwisa zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo zvaikanganisa nzanga. Zvisinei, kubva pamaonero eBritish, kutorwa nekuputswa kwezvinhu izvi kwakaonekwa sekutyora pfuma yevatengesi uye kushora kukudzwa kwenyika. Kusawirirana kwakawedzera, uye Britain yakatumira mauto kuti asimbise hurukuro.
Apa ndipo panonyanya kutaurwa nezvetsika: hondo yakarwiwa kuchengetedza "kodzero dzekutengeserana" dzeBritain ne "vagari," here kana kuti kwaive kumanikidza kuenderera mberi kwekutengeserana kweopium nemisika yakavhurika nechisimba? Vanyori venhoroondo vazhinji vanotenda kuti zvinangwa zvehupfumi - kunyanya kuchengetedza purofiti nekuwana mukana wekutengeserana - ndizvo zvaive zvakanyanya, pasinei nekutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Hondo uye kusaenzana kwesimba: "kukurukurirana kwechikepe chepfuti"
Hondo dzeOpium dzakaratidza musiyano uripo muhunyanzvi hwemauto pakati peBritain neQing. Ngarava dzehondo dzemazuva ano, zvombo zvehondo, uye kurongeka kwemauto kwakabudirira zvakabatsira maBritish kukunda hondo huru uye kutonga nzira dzemvura dzakakosha. Kukunda uku ndiko kwakakonzera izwi rinowanzoshandiswa kutsanangura nguva iyi: "diplomacy yezvikepe zvepfuti."
Gakava riripo nderokuti: kushandiswa kwesimba remauto kumanikidza imwe nyika kusaina chibvumirano kwaive pamutemo here mukati memutemo wepasi rose panguva iyoyo? Mutsika yezana remakore rechi19, masimba eumambo aiwanzozviona sezvinhu zvakajairika. Zvisinei, mumaonero emazuva ano, zviito zvakadaro zvinowanzoonekwa senzira yekurwisa uye kutyora kodzero yekutonga.
Zvibvumirano "zvisina kururama" uye mhedzisiro yazvo
Hondo Yekutanga yeOpium yakapera neChibvumirano cheNanking (1842). China yakamanikidzwa kuvhura zviteshi zvakawanda zvekutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika, kubhadhara muripo, uye kupa Hong Kong kuBritain. Chibvumirano chakatevera chakawedzera kodzero dzekuva kunze kwenyika kune vekune dzimwe nyika—zvichireva kuti vagari vemuBritain vakanga vasiri pasi pesimba redare reQing. Izvi zvakagadzira maronda makuru enhoroondo, akaonekwa seanodzikisira hutongi hwenyika.
Hondo Yechipiri yeOpium (1856–1860), yaisanganisira Britain neFrance, yakawedzera zvibvumirano: zviteshi zvakawanda zvakavhurwa, mamishinari ekunze akabvumidzwa muBeijing, uye kutengeserana kweopium kwakazobvumidzwa zviri pamutemo. Kupambwa nekupiswa kweOld Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) muna 1860 kwakava chiratidzo chemhirizhonga yehumambo inoramba ichikurudzira hasha nenhaka dzekoloni.
Kune nyaya dzakawanda dzemazuva ano dzekuChina, Hondo dzeOpium dzakaratidza kutanga kwe "Zana Remakore Rekunyadziswa," nguva iyo nyika yakasangana nekupindira kwekunze, kusagadzikana kwemukati, uye kurasikirwa nekutonga pamusoro pehurongwa hwayo hwehupfumi. Zvisinei, gakava richiripo: vamwe vadzidzi vanosimbisa kuti kusasimba kwemukati meQing - huori, kumanikidzwa kwevanhu, uye kupandukira - kwakaitawo basa guru. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hondo yakawedzera dambudziko, asi dambudziko racho pacharo rakanga rava kutotanga kubva mukati.
Nhaurirano yetsika: kutengeserana kwakasununguka kana kutengesa zvinodhaka?
Imwe yenharo dzakanyanya kuoma yaive nyaya yetsika. Vatsigiri vehondo panguva iyoyo vaiwanzoti China yakanga isiri kuita zvakanaka nekurambidza kutengeserana uye kuramba hukama "hwakaenzana" hwezvematongerwo enyika. Vakaisa Britain mudziviriri wepfungwa yekutengeserana kwakasununguka. Asi kushoropodzwa kwacho kwakasimba: rudzii rwe "kutengeserana kwakasununguka" rwaimanikidzwa kutengesa opium?
Kunyangwe muBritain, vamwe vanhu vakashora hondo iyi vachiti haina hunhu hwakanaka. Nhaurirano dzeparamende dzakaratidza kuti havasi vese vaibvumirana kuti zvido zvekutengeserana zvairuramisa mhirizhonga. Gakava iri richiri kukosha nanhasi, sezvo nyika ichiramba ichikurukura nezvemiganhu pakati pekusunungurwa kwekutengeserana uye mabasa etsika mubhizinesi rekunze kwenyika.
Gakava renhoroondo: ndiani "munhu akabatwa", ndiani "chikonzero"?
Muzvidzidzo zvenhoroondo, Hondo dzeOpium dzinowanzo kuratidzwa senyaya yekudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu vekuMadokero vekuMabvazuva. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi mukuongorora nhoroondo kwakaita kuti nyaya yacho ive yakaoma. Vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanosimbisa basa risina kujeka revatengesi vega, masangano evamiririri vemunharaunda, nevakuru veQing—vamwe vachirwisa opium, vamwe vachiwana mari kubva muhuori nemitero isiri pamutemo. Nemamwe mashoko, kutengeserana opium kwaisangova simba rekunze chete asiwo kwaibatanidzawo hupfumi nemagariro evanhu muChina.
Zvisinei, kuoma uku hakubvisi zvachose kusaenzana kwemasimba uye chinhu chekumanikidzwa. Zvibvumirano zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti zvaitsigira masimba ekune dzimwe nyika uye zvakabata Qing munzvimbo isina simba. Gakava riri pakuti tingaenzanisa sei ongororo iyi: kuziva simba remukati menyika pasina kuderedza chokwadi chehudzvanyiriri.
Nhaka yezvematongerwo enyika uye ndangariro yeboka rose
Hondo dzeOpium hadzisi hondo yemuzana remakore rechi19 chete—dzinoramba dzichirarama mundangariro dzezvematongerwo enyika. MuChina, dzinowanzo shandiswa sechidzidzo mukukosha kwekuzvitonga, kuvandudza hupfumi, uye kungwarira kupindira kwekunze. KuMadokero, dzimwe nguva dzinokurukurwa semuenzaniso wakanyanya wehudzvanyiriri hwehupfumi. Gakava rinomuka kana zviitiko izvi zvichishandiswa kusimbisa zvirongwa zvemazuva ano: hurudzi, kutsoropodzwa kwekudyidzana kwenyika, kana nyaya dzekusawirirana kwevanhu.
Nhaka yeHong Kong inewo chimwe chinhu. Kuendeswa kweHong Kong muna 1842 kwakabatana zvakananga nemigumisiro yehondo. Hong Kong payakadzokera kuChina muna 1997, ndangariro dzeHondo dzeOpium dzakamukazve, zvichiratidza kuti chibvumirano chezana remakore rechi19 chinogona sei kuva nemigumisiro inogara kwenguva refu pakuzivikanwa kwemazuva ano nezvematongerwo enyika.
Mhedziso
Gakava riripo pamusoro peHondo dzeOpium riri pakati pezvinhu zvine chekuita nehupfumi uye mubvunzo wakaoma wetsika: nyika inofanira kushandisa simba kusvika papi nekuda kwekutengeserana, kunyanya kana zvinhu zvinotengeswa zvichiparadza nzanga? Hondo idzi dzinoratidzawo kuti kusaenzana kwetekinoroji nemauto kunogona kushandura sei hukama pakati penyika kuita hune simba. Kunzwisisa Hondo dzeOpium zvakakwana kunoda kuongorora zvinhu zvemukati meChina uye mafambiro epasi rose.
Pakupedzisira, Hondo dzeOpium dzinoratidza nyika iri kuchinja—kubva kuhurongwa hwehumambo hwechinyakare kusvika kuhurongwa hwemazuva ano, hwechisimba, hwemakwikwi, uye hunowanzova husina kuenzana hwepasi rose. Gakava iri rinodarika mubvunzo wekuti "ndiani aive akarurama," asi rinomutsawo kufungisisa kwakadzama: kuti nhoroondo yekutengeserana, simba, uye tsika dzakaita sei kuti nyika yatiri kurarama mairi nhasi.
