Umlando Ophelele Wenhlekelele YokuQothulwa Kwesizwe
UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwakungesinye sezenzakalo ezimnyama kakhulu emlandweni wesintu ngekhulu lama-20. Igama elithi “Holocaust” livela kwelesiGriki sasendulo elithi “holokauston,” elisho “isisulu esishiswe ngokuphelele.” Yigama elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ekuqothulweni kohlanga okwenziwa umbuso wamaNazi waseJalimane kanye nabalingani bawo ngokumelene namaJuda aseYurophu angaba yizigidi eziyisithupha phakathi kuka-1941 no-1945. Kodwa-ke, izisulu zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe zazingagcini kumaJuda kuphela; izigidi zabanye, kuhlanganise namaRoma (amaGypsies), ongqingili, abantu abakhubazekile, abaphikisi bezombusazwe, oFakazi BakaJehova, kanye namanye amaqembu amancane, nabo baba yizisulu zalesi senzo esibi. Lesi sihloko sizochaza umlando ophelele walesi sibhicongo esesabekayo, kusukela emlandweni waso, ukuqaliswa kwaso, kanye nomthelela waso ohlala njalo.
Latar Belakang
Izimpande zeHolocaust zingalandelelwa emuva ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Imibono yokulwa namaJuda ayizange ivele ngokuzumayo ngesikhathi samaNazi; ubutha kumaJuda babukhona eYurophu amakhulu eminyaka. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imibono yobuhlanga mbumbulu kanye nobuzwe obudlulele kwaqala ukuchuma. U-Adolf Hitler kanye neQembu lamaNazi bamukela futhi balawula le mibono ngezinjongo zabo zezepolitiki.
Encwadini yakhe ethi, “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle), eyabhalwa ngo-1925-1926, uHitler wachaza imibono yakhe yokulwa namaJuda kanye nenkulumo-ze yobuzwe. UHitler neNazi Party bathola ukuthandwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1930, besebenzisa imizwa yobuzwe kanye nobandlululo phakathi kwenkinga enkulu yezomnotho yoKuwohloka Okukhulu kanye nosizi lweMpi Yezwe I.
Ngo-1933, u-Adolf Hitler wamiswa njengoShansela waseJalimane. Lapho ephakama emandleni, amaNazi aqala ngokushesha inqubomgomo yokubandlulula nokushushisa amaJuda ngendlela ehlelekile, eyaziwa ngokuthi “iJudenpolitik.” Isinyathelo sokuqala kwaba ukuxoshwa kwamaJuda empilweni yomphakathi ngemithetho ebandlululayo njengeNuremberg Laws ka-1935, eyaphuca amaJuda ubuzwe bawo futhi yavimbela umshado phakathi kwamaJuda nabangewona amaJuda.
Ukubusa KwamaNazi Nokuqongelela Koshushiso
Lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe II ngo-1939, amaNazi ashintsha izinqubomgomo zawo zokulwa namaJuda kusukela ekubandlululweni kuya ekuqothulweni okuhleliwe. Ukuhlasela kwamaJalimane ePoland kwaba yinto ebalulekile ekushintsheni. IJalimane yafaka iPoland ngokushesha kwiReich futhi yaqala ukusebenzisa inqubomgomo ethi "Judenfrei," noma "engenamaJuda."
AmaNazi asungula izindawo zokuhlala ezincane emadolobheni asePoland afana neWarsaw, iLodz, neKrakow, lapho amaJuda aphoqeleka khona ukuhlala ezimweni ezinonya. Abekezelela indlala, izifo, nobudlova obusabalele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezindaweni ezazithathwe yiSoviet ngemuva kwe-Operation Barbarossa ngo-1941, i-Einsatzgruppen, noma amayunithi okubulala amaNazi, aqala ukubulala amaJuda amaningi, amakhomanisi, kanye nabanye abantu ngokudubulana ngobuningi.
Isixazululo Sokugcina
NgoJanuwari 1942, iNgqungquthela yaseWannsee yabanjelwa eBerlin, lapho izikhulu eziphezulu zamaNazi zaxoxa futhi zanquma ngokusetshenziswa “kwesixazululo sokugcina sombuzo wamaJuda” (Endlösung der Judenfrage). Lokhu kwakuyindlela yokubiza uhlelo lokuqothula ngokuphelele amaJuda aseYurophu. Lokhu kuqothulwa kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi emakamu okuqothulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwegesi.
I-Auschwitz-Birkenau, iTreblinka, iSobibor, neBelzec ngezinye zezinkambu zokubulala ezaziwa kakhulu. Kulezi nkambu, amaJuda namanye amaqembu avela kulo lonke elaseYurophu ayethuthwa ngezitimela zempahla, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi futhi engenamanzi noma ukudla izinsuku eziningi.
Lapho befika ekamu, izisulu zahlukaniswa ngokushesha; eziningi zayiswa ngqo emakamelweni egesi lapho zabulawa khona ngesiphepho u-B, uhlobo lwegesi ye-cyanide. Labo ababengabulawanga ngokushesha babevame ukuphoqeleka ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zekamu noma babhekana "nokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha" okungenabuntu okwenziwa odokotela bamaNazi njengoDkt. Josef Mengele.
Ukumelana Nokuphelelwa Yithemba
Naphezu kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, kwakukhona abaphikisi ngesikhathi seHolocaust. Ema-ghetto, amaqembu aphikisayo ahlela ukuvukela okuhlomile, yize ayenezinsiza ezimbalwa. Esinye sezivukelo ezidumile kakhulu kwakuyi-Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ka-Ephreli 1943, lapho amaJuda asele aseWarsaw amelana khona namabutho e-SS cishe inyanga yonke naphezu kokuba ayembalwa kakhulu futhi engenazo izikhali ezanele.
Kwakukhona nokuvukela emakamu okuhlushwa. Isibonelo esisodwa kwaba ukuvukela ekamu lokuhlushwa laseSobibor ngo-Okthoba 1943, lapho inani elincane leziboshwa lakwazi ukubaleka ngemva kokubulala onogada abaningana be-SS nokushisa ingxenye yekamu.
Inkululeko Nemiphumela Yayo
Ngasekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, njengoba amabutho ase-Allied ayengena eJalimane evela empumalanga nasentshonalanga, amakamu okuhlushwa nawokubulala akhululwa ngamunye ngamunye. Amasosha aseMelika, aseSoviet, nawaseBrithani ashaqeka ngobukhulu nonya lwala makamu. Iziboshwa eziningi ezisindile zabonakala zibuthakathaka kakhulu ngenxa yendlala nokuhlushwa.
Ukwesaba kweHolocaust kwaholela umhlaba ekufungeni ukuthi ngeke uphinde uvumele into enjalo ukuthi yenzeke. Ukusungulwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene (i-UN) ngo-1945 kanye neSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu ngo-1948 kwakuyimizamo yomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba yokuvimbela okunye ukuqothulwa kohlanga esikhathini esizayo.
Ngemva kwempi, amacala aseNuremberg abanjwa ukuze kuqulwe abaholi bamaNazi ngamacala empi, amacala okulwa nobuntu, kanye nokuqothulwa kohlanga. Amacala amemezela ukuthi iHolocaust yayiyicala elibi kakhulu emlandweni, kodwa noma kunjalo, ubulungiswa obugcwele kwabahlukunyezwa kanye namaNazi amancane babuvame ukungabonakali.
Umthelela Oqhubekayo
IHolocaust ishiye izibazi ezijulile engqondweni yesintu sonke. Ukulimala kwengqondo okubhekene nabasindile kuyaqhubeka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda lo mlando ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphindaphindeka kwawo. Usuku Lokukhumbula IHolocaust Yomhlaba Wonke, olugujwa njalo ngoJanuwari 27, kanye neminyuziyamu yeHolocaust emhlabeni wonke, njengeYad Vashem kwa-Israyeli kanye ne-United States Holocaust Museum eWashington, D.C., kusebenza njengezikhumbuzo zalezi zihlukumezi kanye nesisusa sokukhuthaza ukubekezelelana, imfundo, kanye namalungelo abantu.
Ngokuqonda umlando ogcwele wenhlekelele yeHolocaust, sikhunjuzwa ngokubaluleka kokuhlala siqaphile ngokumelene nemibono nenzondo eyingozi engabhubhisa izindinganiso zethu zobuntu. IHolocaust akuyona nje isahluko esimnyama esikhathini esidlule, kodwa futhi iyisifundo sesikhathi esizayo, sokwakha umhlaba lapho ubulungiswa, ubuntu, nokuthula kungagcinwa khona njalo.
