Umlando Ophelele Wobukhosi Bama-Ottoman
Umbuso Wase-Ottoman, ovame ukwaziwa ngokuthi uMbuso Wase-Ottoman, wawungomunye wemibuso ehlala isikhathi eside futhi emikhulu emlandweni womhlaba, owaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Wasungulwa ngu-Osman I ngo-1299, lo mbuso wafinyelela esicongweni sawo ngaphansi kokubusa kukaSuleiman Omkhulu ngekhulu le-16 nele-17. Nasi umbono ophelele ngomlando woMbuso Wase-Ottoman, owathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-600.
Iziqalo kanye nabasunguli
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wasungulwa ngu-Osman I, umholi wesizwe samaTurkic e-Anatolia (manje eyingxenye yeTurkey yanamuhla). U-Osman wathatha indawo eMbusweni waseByzantine ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwawo ezimpini eziningana. Igama elithi "Ottoman" ngokwalo livela egameni lika-Osman, elaziwa ngesiTurkey ngokuthi "Osmanlı."
U-Osman I wasungula umbuso wakhe esifundeni esinobuhlakani, okwamvumela ukuthi alawule imizila ebalulekile yokuhweba phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu. Ngale ndawo, ama-Ottoman asheshe andisa ithonya lawo kulo lonke elase-Anatolia kanye nengxenye enkulu yeNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu.
Ukwanda Nokuhlanganiswa
Ngemva kokufa kuka-Osman I, ubukhosi balandelwa yindodana yakhe, u-Orhan. Ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Orhan (1326–1362), ama-Ottoman aqala ukwandisa amandla awo eMbusweni wama-Ottoman kanye namaBalkans. Ngo-1354, ama-Ottoman anqoba ngempumelelo iGallipoli, inqaba yawo yokuqala eYurophu.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaMurad I (1362–1389), ama-Ottoman andisa indawo yawo aya eBalkans ngokunqoba umbimbi lwamazwe amaningi eMpini yaseKosovo. I-Sultan yaqinisa nokuphatha kanye nokubusa kwezempi, okuhlanganisa nokwakhiwa kwebutho elikhethekile lamaJanissary, kamuva elaba uphawu lwebutho lama-Ottoman.
Ukuwa kweConstantinople
Ingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wama-Ottoman kwaba ukuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453 ngaphansi kukaMehmed II (1444-1446 kanye no-1451-1481). Lesi senzakalo saphawula ukuphela koMbuso waseByzantine kanye nokuqala kwenkathi entsha emlandweni wamaSulumane nowamaKristu. UMehmed II, owaziwa nangokuthi uMehmed uMnqobi, waguqula iConstantinople yaba i-Istanbul, inhloko-dolobha yombuso.
Ngalesi sinqobo, ama-Ottoman athola ukulawula imizila ebalulekile yokuhweba phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu, aqinisa isikhundla sawo njengamandla omhlaba wonke. I-Istanbul yaba yisikhungo samasiko, ezohwebo, nokufunda, yaheha ososayensi, ochwepheshe bezandla, kanye nabaculi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba wamaSulumane naseYurophu.
Inkathi Yegolide
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wafinyelela esicongweni sawo ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaSuleiman Omkhulu (1520–1566). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umbuso wanda kusukela eMpumalanga Yurophu kuya eNyakatho Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, naseNtshonalanga Asia. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, imithetho nokuphatha kwaguqulwa futhi kwaqiniswa. USuleiman wandisa nethonya lama-Ottoman ngezivumelwano zokuhweba nezobumbano nemibuso nezifundazwe ezahlukahlukene zaseYurophu.
I-Suleiman Mosque kanye nezinye izakhiwo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zakhiwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okubonisa intuthuko yezakhiwo zobuciko kanye nobuciko base-Ottoman. Ikhono likaSuleiman ekubuseni lenza umbuso wakhe waba yisifundazwe esihlelekile nesichumayo.
Kusukela Ekuweni Kuya Ekuguqukeni
Nokho, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman waqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokuwa. Izici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa inkohlakalo yezokuphatha, izingcindezi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, kanye nokwehluleka ukwenza amasosha abe sesimanje, kwaphazamisa ikhono lama-Ottoman lokuvikela izindawo zawo.
Ukubusa kukaSultan Ahmed III (1703–1730) kwaba nemizamo ethile yokuguqula, kodwa iziyaluyalu zangaphakathi zaphazamisa ukuzinza kombuso. Izindawo eziningi zazifuna ukuzimela, kanti ama-Ottoman abhekana nokunqotshwa yizizwe zakwamanye amazwe njengemibuso yaseRussia neyase-Austria.
Ngekhulu le-19, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawaziwa ngokuthi “Indoda Egulayo YaseYurophu” ngenxa yokungakwazi kwawo ukuncintisana namandla aseYurophu ayekhula ngamandla. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa yayisenziwa amasultani amaningana, kodwa ayevame ukulibaziseka noma angaguquguquki.
Izinguquko zeTanzimat kanye Nokwehla Kokugcina
Phakathi kuka-1839 no-1876, iziphathimandla zase-Ottoman zazama izinguquko ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Tanzimat. Lezi zinguquko zazihlose ukwenza izinhlelo zokuphatha, ezempi, kanye nezomthetho zibe zesimanje, kanye nokukhuthaza izindinganiso zokulingana kwezakhamuzi. Kodwa-ke, i-Tanzimat ayizange iphumelele ngokuphelele ngenxa yokumelana kwangaphakathi kanye nezinselelo ezivela ekuvukeleni ezindaweni zamakoloni.
Ukwehla koMbuso Wase-Ottoman kwafinyelela esiphelweni sako ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe I. Ama-Ottoman asekela ama-Central Powers, agcina ehluliwe empini. Lapho impi iphela ngo-1918, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman waba buthaka kakhulu, ingxenye enkulu yendawo yawo yathathwa yi-Allies.
Ukuqedwa Nokuvela Kwe-Türkiye Yanamuhla
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, iSivumelwano se-Sykes-Picot sika-1916 phakathi kweBrithani neFrance sabusa ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yama-Ottoman eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Imizamo yokugcina izinsalela zombuso ngeSivumelwano sikaSèvres ngo-1920 ayizange iphumelele, kwathi iMpi Yokuzimela yaseTurkey, eyayiholwa nguMustafa Kemal Atatürk, yalandela.
Ngomhlaka-1 Novemba 1922, iSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke saseTurkey saqeda umbuso wezizwe, kwathi ngomhlaka-29 Okthoba 1923, iTurkey yaba yiriphabhulikhi ngokusemthethweni, uMustafa Kemal Atatürk engumongameli wayo wokuqala. Ngakho-ke, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman waphela kwaqala iRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey yanamuhla.
Ifa lama-Ottoman
Ifa lama-Ottoman liyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa isiko, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, kanye nomthetho. Izindawo zangaphambili zama-Ottoman manje seziyizizwe ezinentshisekelo yazo yezepolitiki, okuhlanganisa iTurkey, iGrisi, amaBalkans, i-Arab Middle East, kanye neNyakatho Afrika.
Iminikelo yama-Ottoman kwezobuciko, isiko, kanye nesayensi, kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo namanye amasiko, kushiye umthelela omkhulu emlandweni womhlaba. Kuze kube namuhla, izakhiwo zomlando ezifana neHagia Sophia, iTopkapi Palace, kanye nama-mosque amahle ase-Istanbul zimi njengobufakazi obuthule bobukhazikhazi boBukhosi base-Ottoman.
Esikhathini esingaphezu kwamakhulu ayisithupha eminyaka, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman uye wadlula ezigabeni zokushintsha okuguquguqukayo, kusukela embusweni omncane kuya ekubeni omunye wemibuso emikhulu emlandweni wesintu, futhi ekugcineni wahlukana waba yizifundazwe zanamuhla esizaziyo namuhla.
