Ukuwa kweConstantinople kanye nokuphela kweByzantium
I-Pendahuluan
IConstantinople, inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantine, noma uMbuso WaseRoma WaseMpumalanga, yayiyisikhungo sempucuko iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Lo mbuso wawudumile ngefa lawo elikhulu lamasiko, impumelelo yawo emangalisayo kwezobuciko kanye nezakhiwo, kanye nokuzinza kwezepolitiki okwawenza wakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1453, lo muzi omuhle wawela eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman. Lesi senzakalo saphawula ukuphela koMbuso WaseByzantine kanye nokuqala kwenkathi entsha emlandweni womhlaba.
Isizinda Somlando
UMbuso WaseByzantine wadlula isikhathi eside sokuwa ngaphambi kokuwa kwawo ngo-1453. Ngekhulu le-11 nele-12, wahlala unamandla futhi unethonya, elawula izindawo ezinkulu zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu nase-Asia Minor. Kodwa-ke, uchungechunge lwezimpi ngekhulu le-13 nele-14, okuhlanganisa neMpi Yenkolo Yesine eyabangela ukuthathwa kweConstantinople yiLatin ngo-1204, kwashiya umbuso uhlukene futhi ubuthakathaka. Ukunqotshwa ngokulandelana kanye nokulahlekelwa izindawo kwanciphisa ikhono lawo lokuqoqa izinsiza nokugcina ibutho lempi eliqinile.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman waqala ukuvela njengombuso omkhulu esifundeni. Eholwa ama-sultan anesifiso sokuvelela futhi ahlakaniphile, ama-Ottoman aqala ukwandisa indawo yawo, enqoba idolobha nedolobha, ekugcineni afinyelela emasangweni aseConstantinople. USultan Mehmed II, owaziwa ngokuthi uMehmed uMnqobi, wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi esemncane futhi wagxila ngokushesha izifiso zakhe ekunqobeni leli dolobha elidumile.
Ukuvinjezelwa Nokuwa KweConstantinople
Ngo-Ephreli 6, 1453, uMehmed II waqala ukuhlasela okukhulu eConstantinople. Lokhu kuvinjezelwa kwathatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili futhi kwakuhlanganisa amaqhinga empi ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nobuchwepheshe bamuva ngaleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwezibhamu ezinkulu ezaklanywa unjiniyela waseHungary u-Urban. Lezi zibhamu zazikwazi ukubhoboza izindonga zomuzi ezidumile eziqinile, zibhubhise izinqaba zaseByzantine.
Nakuba uConstantine XI, umbusi wokugcina waseByzantium, kanye nezakhamuzi zomuzi bazivikela ngokuzimisela, babembalwa futhi bengenazo izibhamu. Ibutho lasemanzini lase-Ottoman lavimbe ngempumelelo ichweba lomuzi, kuyilapho amabutho abo asemhlabeni eqhubeka nokuphula izivikelo ezibuthakathaka. Ekugcineni, ngoMeyi 29, 1453, ibutho lase-Ottoman lafika enkabeni yomuzi. UMbusi uConstantine XI wabulawa empini. Ukuwa kweConstantinople kwakungekona nje ukubhujiswa kwedolobha, kodwa futhi kwafanekisela ukuphela kwempucuko enkulu.
Imiphumela Yokuwa
Ukuwa kweConstantinople kwaba nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni ezindaweni eziningi:
1. Ezombusazwe Nezempi: UMbuso Wase-Ottoman awuzange uphumelele nje kuphela ekuthumbeni leli dolobha elibalulekile, kodwa futhi waqinisa isikhundla sawo njengombuso omkhulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu nase-Asia Minor. Lokhu kwavula indlela yokwanda okwengeziwe eYurophu futhi kwabanika ukulawula imizila ebalulekile yokuhweba.
2. Isiko Nesayensi: Izazi eziningi zaseByzantine zabalekela eNtshonalanga, ziphethe imibhalo yasendulo nolwazi lwakudala olwalugcinwe uMbuso waseByzantine. Lokhu kwabangela ukuvuselelwa kweNkathi Yesimanje eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
3. Umnotho: Ngokulawula iConstantinople, ama-Ottoman alawula nemizila yokuhweba phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu. Lokhu kwashukumisela abaseYurophu ukuba bafune eminye imizila, okwagcina kuholele enkathini yokutholwa nohambo lwasolwandle ngamaPutukezi naseSpain.
4. Inkolo: Ukuwa kweConstantinople kwaqinisa nokuhlukana phakathi kobuKristu baseMpumalanga (ama-Orthodox) kanye nobuKristu baseNtshonalanga (amaKatolika). Nakuba kwakukhona ukuhlukana okusemthethweni kusukela ekuHlanganyelweni Okukhulu kuka-1054, ukuwa komuzi ongcwele kanye nokushintshwa kwawo ngumbuso wamaSulumane kwanezela isici esisha ebuhlotsheni obushubile phakathi kwamagatsha amabili amakhulu obuKristu.
Ifa LaseByzantine
Nakuba uMbuso WaseByzantium wawa, ifa lawo laqhubeka. Ngaphansi kwethonya laseByzantine, ubuciko kanye nezakhiwo zachuma, kanye nezithombe zobuKristu bama-Orthodox ezihlukile kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle njengeHagia Sophia zisasebenza njengobufakazi benkazimulo yalo yangaphambili. Ukusinda kweSonto Lama-Orthodox LaseMpumalanga nakho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yefa laseByzantium, yize ingxenye enkulu yezwe eyayingaphansi kolawulo lwayo isishintshile.
Imicabango nemibhalo yezazi zaseByzantine yaqhubeka nokuthonya umhlaba. Ifilosofi yaseByzantine, imfundiso yenkolo, kanye nemibhalo yezomthetho kwanikeza isisekelo sentuthuko yezemfundo eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imiqondo yezempi kanye neyokuphatha eyathuthukiswa yiByzantium yaqhubeka ifundwa futhi isetshenziswa yimibuso nemibuso eyalandela.
I-Penutup
Ukuwa kweConstantinople kanye nokuphela koMbuso waseByzantine ngo-1453 kwakuyisenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni. Kwakungeyona nje enye yezinqola eziningi emlandweni, kodwa kwaba yingqophamlando eyashintsha inkambo yempucuko yomhlaba. Ngokombono wezepolitiki nowezempi, ukushintsha kwamandla kusuka eByzantium kuya eMbusweni wase-Ottoman kwaphawula ukuphela kwenkathi yegolide yakudala kanye nokuqala kwenkathi yanamuhla.
Lapho sitadisha lesi senzakalo, sikhunjuzwa ngamandla omlando ashintshashintshayo nahlala eshintsha. Ukuwa kweConstantinople kusifundisa nangokuqina kwamasiko kanye nomthelela ohlala njalo wemiphakathi emikhulu. Nakuba idolobha nombuso sekuphele kudala, imikhondo yawo isabonakala futhi izwakala ezicini eziningi zomhlaba wethu wanamuhla.
