Chimurenga cheRussia uye Mavambo eSoviet Union
Chimurenga cheRussia cha1917 chaive chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yemazuva ano, kwete kungochinja mafambiro eRussia chete asiwo kuisa hwaro hwekuumbwa kweSoviet Union. Chimurenga ichi chaive nezvikamu zviviri zvikuru: Chimurenga cheKukadzi neChimurenga cheGumiguru. Zvose zvakaunza shanduko huru munharaunda yeRussia uye zvakagumisa kutonga kwemadzimambo eRomanov kwemazana anopfuura mazana matatu. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora mamiriro ezvinhu, zviitiko zvakakosha, uye mhedzisiro yakatungamira pakuzvarwa kweSoviet Union.
Nhoroondo yeRussian Revolution
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Russia yaive nyika yakakura asi yakasara kumashure muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Pasinei nekuwanda kwezviwanikwa zvayo, Russia yaive yakasarira shure kweEurope panyaya dzemaindasitiri netekinoroji. Vazhinji vevanhu vayo vaive varimi vaigara muurombo, uye kusagutsikana nekutonga kwehudzvanyiriri kwaTsar Nicholas II kwaikura.
Hondo Yenyika I ndiyo yakakonzera shanduko huru muRussia. Kubatanidzwa kweRussia muhondo kwakaita kuti hupfumi hudzikire, kushomeka kwechikafu, uye mamiriyoni evanhu vakafa. Kusagutsikana nehurumende yaTsar Nicholas II kwakawedzera nekuda kwekusakwanisa kwake kugadzirisa nyaya idzi. Panguva imwe chete, pfungwa dzechimurenga nepfungwa dzeMarxist zvakatanga kuwana rutsigiro pakati pevanyanzvi nevashandi.
Chimurenga chaKukadzi cha1917
Chimurenga cheKukadzi cha1917 chakatanga nekuratidzira kukuru muPetrograd (zvino yava St. Petersburg) pakupera kwaKukadzi (karenda yaJulian), kwakakonzerwa nekushomeka kwechikafu uye kusagutsikana nehurumende yeTsarist. Kuratidzira uku kwakakurumidza kuva kumukira, uye mauto akatumwa kunodzvinyirira kuratidzira akatendeukira kune vairatidzira.
Musi wa2 Kurume, 1917 (Kurume 15 mukarenda yaGregory), Tsar Nicholas II akamanikidzwa kusiya chigaro. Kubviswa kweumambo uku kwakagumisa dzinza raRomanov, uye Hurumende Yechinguvana yakaumbwa, yaisanganisira nhengo dzeDuma (paramende yeRussia) nemapoka akati wandei erusununguko nerusaruraganda. Zvisinei, Hurumende Yechinguvana yakasangana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira hondo iri kuramba ichienderera mberi, nyonganyonga yemukati, uye kumanikidzwa kubva kumapoka echimurenga ane simba.
Chimurenga chaGumiguru cha1917
Hurumende Yenguva Pfupi Yaitambura Kuti Idzore Simba, MaBolshevik, achitungamirirwa naVladimir Lenin, akaramba achiwana rutsigiro. Lenin, achidzoka kubva kuutapwa muna Kubvumbi 1917, akatungamira kuparara kweHurumende Yenguva Pfupi Yaitonga neshoko rerunyararo, nyika, nechingwa. MaBolshevik akakwanisa kukwezva rutsigiro kubva kumapoka makuru evashandi nemasoja akanga aora mwoyo neHurumende Yenguva Pfupi Yaitonga.
Chimurenga chaGumiguru chakaitika nekukurumidza uye pasina kudziviswa kwakanyanya. Pausiku hwaGumiguru 25-26 (karenda yaJulian), mauto eBolshevik akatora nzvimbo dzakakosha muPetrograd, kusanganisira Winter Palace, muzinda weHurumende Yenguva Pfupi. Hurumende iyi yakadonha, uye maBolshevik akatora simba. Vladimir Lenin akabva azivisa kuumbwa kweRussian Soviet Republic.
Kuumbwa kweSoviet Union
Mushure mekutora simba, basa remaBolshevik harina kungogumira pakubatanidza simba ravo rezvematongerwo enyika asiwo pakugadzirisa matambudziko enyika. Mitemo yaLenin yerunyararo nenyika, yakabudiswa mushure meGumiguru Revolution, yakaedza kugadzirisa zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakanyanya kukosha: rugare rwemauto aneta nehondo uye kugoverwa kwevhu kune varimi.
Zvisinei, kukunda kweBolshevik hakuna kugamuchirwa nevanhu vose. Izvi zvakakonzera Hondo yeVanhu muRussia pakati peRed Army (Bolsheviks) neWhite Army (vaipesana neBolsheviks), iyo yakagara kubva muna 1917 kusvika 1923. Hondo yeVanhu iyi yaive yeutsinye zvikuru, zvichikonzera kufa kwemamiriyoni evanhu nekuda kwehondo nenzara. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira, Red Army yakakunda vavengi vayo uye yakasimbisa simba reBolshevik pamusoro penyika zhinji dzekare dzeRussia.
Muna Zvita 1922, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) yakagadzwa zviri pamutemo. Yaive nemarepublic mana akatanga: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, uye Transcaucasian Federation (yakazokamurwa kuita Georgia, Armenia, neAzerbaijan). Kuumbwa kweSoviet Union kwakaratidza kusimbiswa kwesimba reBolshevik uye kuzvipira kwavo kumitemo yeMarxist, Lenin ari iye mutungamiri wayo wekutanga.
Hurumende Yekare yeSoviet uye Maitiro
Mushure mekuumbwa kweSoviet Union, hurumende itsva yakatarisana nebasa guru rekuvakazve nyika yakaparadzwa nehondo yepasi rose nehondo yevagari vemo. Imwe yematanho ekutanga akatorwa panguva yeHondo yeVagari vemo yaive mutemo we "Hondo yeCommunism," uyo wakaitwa kudzora hupfumi uye kuona kuti zvinodiwa zveRed Army nevanhu vemumaguta zvinopihwa. Zvisinei, mutemo uyu wakakonzera kusagutsikana kukuru nekuti wakakonzera kutorerwa kukuru kwezvirimwa kubva kuvarimi uye wakakonzera nzara huru.
Kuti agadzirise dambudziko iri, Lenin akatanga New Economic Policy (NEP) muna 1921, iyo yakasunungura mamwe masimba ehurumende uye yakabvumira kutengeserana kwakasununguka nemabhizinesi madiki. NEP yakabudirira kudzoreredza hupfumi hweSoviet padanho repamberi pehondo mukati memakore mashoma, asi yakakonzerawo gakava pakati pevatungamiriri veBolshevik nezveramangwana rehupfumi hwesocialist.
Pakafa Lenin muna 1924, kurwirana kwevachati mukati meCommunist Party kwakawedzera. Pakupedzisira, Joseph Stalin akatsiva Lenin semutungamiri webato nenyika. Pasi pehutongi hwaStalin, Soviet Union yakachinja zvikuru kuburikidza nekukura kwemaindasitiri nekukurumidza uye kubatana kwezvekurima, kunyangwe zvakakanganisa hupenyu hwevanhu nerusununguko.
Mhedzisiro yeChimurenga cheRussia uye Kuumbwa kweSoviet Union
Kuumbwa kweSoviet Union kwakaunza shanduko huru kwete muRussia chete asiwo pasi rose. Soviet Union yakabuda senyika ine simba guru inokwanisa kupikisa kutonga kwenyika yekapitalisti, kunyanya United States. Pfungwa dzeMarxism-Leninism dzakapararira zvakanyanya uye dzakapesvedzera mafambiro echimurenga pasi rese.
Chimurenga cheRussia chakakonzerawo gakava nekufungisisa munyika dzakawanda nezvehurongwa hwakanakisa hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vavo. Munzvimbo zhinji, kumuka kweSoviet Union kwakakurudzira mafambiro evashandi nevechisosharisti kuti vade shanduko huru munharaunda dzavo.
Panguva iyi, munyika, Soviet Union ichitungamirirwa naStalin yakaramba ichiita maitiro akaomarara uye ekudzvinyirira kuti izadzise zvinangwa zvayo. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa nematambudziko, akadai seGreat Purge nenzara yakakonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kwekuunganidza vanhu, Soviet Union yakapona uye yakaita basa rakakosha munhoroondo yezana remakore rechi20, kusanganisira kukundwa kweNazi Germany muHondo Yenyika II.
Mhedziso
Chimurenga cheRussia nekuumbwa kweSoviet Union zvaive zviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo zvakachinja mativi mazhinji ezvematongerwo enyika, ehupfumi, uye nzanga yenyika yanhasi. Kubva pakuputsika kwehumambo hweRomanov kusvika pakumuka kwenyika yekutanga yeMarxist, zviitiko izvi hazvina kungochinja magumo eRussia chete asiwo zvakaratidza nguva itsva munhoroondo yepasi rose. Pasinei nematambudziko nemakakatanwa, nhaka yeChimurenga cheRussia nekuumbwa kweSoviet Union ichiri kukosha nanhasi, ichipa zvidzidzo zvakakosha nezvesimba, pfungwa, uye kurwira shanduko kwevanhu.
