Mavambo uye Nhoroondo yeKarenda yaJulian
Karenda iyi ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu. Pasina hurongwa hwekarenda hwakarongeka, nzanga dzaizonetseka kuronga mwaka yekudyara, mabasa echitendero, kutengeserana, uye hutungamiriri hwehurumende. Pakati pehurongwa hwakasiyana-siyana hwekarenda hwakamboshandiswa, karenda yaJulian ine chinzvimbo chakasiyana, ichishanda sehwaro hwekarenda yekumadokero kwemakore anopfuura chiuru uye ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi mune dzimwe tsika. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mavambo nenhoroondo yekarenda yaJulian, mavambo ayo, mashandiro ayo, uye kuti yakazotsiviwa sei nekarenda yaGregory.
Kumashure: Kusagadzikana kweKarenda yeRoma
Karenda yaJulian isati yatanga kushandiswa, vaRoma vaishandisa hurongwa hwekarenda hwakanga hwachinjwa kakawanda, kazhinji nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika. Karenda yeRoma pakutanga yaive yemwedzi, saka hurefu hwegore hwaisaenderana nemwaka. Kana kuverenga kwemwedzi kwaisagadziriswa nguva dzose, mwaka wekudyara waigona kunonoka zvakanyanya mushure memazuva ekarenda. Kuti vagadzirise kuchinja uku, vaRoma vakawedzera mwedzi yekubatanidza, asi tsika iyi yakanga isingaenderane uye yaiwanzo shandiswa.
Munguva yeRoman Republic, kuwedzerwa kwemwedzi unowedzerwa pakarenda kwaigona kushandiswa kuwedzera nguva dzekushanda kwevamwe vakuru kana kunonotsa sarudzo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, karenda yakava isingavimbike zvakanyanya. Pakazosvika zana remakore rekutanga BC, kuvhiringidzika uku kwakasvika padanho rakakosha: mazuva epamutemo akanga asisaenderane nemwaka chaiwo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, kugadziriswa kwekarenda kwakava chinhu chakakosha pakutonga kwenyika nekurongeka kwevanhu.
Julius Caesar uye Kuchinja Kukuru
Kuchinja uku kwakabva kuna Gaius Julius Caesar. Mushure mekupinda muhondo dzakasiyana-siyana dzehondo nedzezvematongerwo enyika, Caesar akawana simba guru muRoma. Muna 46 BC, semukuru wezvematongerwo enyika weRoma (mutungamiriri mukuru wezvechitendero) uye mutongi chaiye, aive nesimba rekugadzirisa hurongwa hwekarenda.
Caesar haana kushanda ari ega. Akabatsirwa nenyanzvi yezvenyeredzi yekuAlexandria, Egypt, yainzi Sosigenes. Alexandria yaive nzvimbo yekudzidza panguva iyoyo, uye tsika yezvenyeredzi yekuEgypt yaive nenhoroondo refu yekushandisa karenda yezuva. Kusiyana nekarenda yemwedzi, iyo inotsamira pamatanho emwedzi, karenda yezuva inoenzanisa kuverenga kwegore nekufamba kwezuva kunooneka, uko kunosarudza mwaka.
Kuchinja kwaKesari kwakachinja Roma kuenda kukarenda rezuva, zvichidzivirira mwaka nemazuva kuti zvisarambe zvichichinja. Izvi zvakaratidza kuzvarwa kwekarenda raJulian.
Gore reKuvhiringidzika: "Gore reKuvhiringidzika" (46 BC)
Karenda itsva isati yatanga kushanda zvizere, Kesari aifanira "kugadzirisa" karenda, iyo yakanga yadonha zvakanyanya. Gore ra46 BC rinozivikanwa muzvinyorwa zvenhoroondo seannus confusionis, kana kuti "gore rekuvhiringidzika," nekuda kwehurefu hwaro husina kujairika. Kuti adzorere kuenderana nemwaka, Kesari akawedzera mamwe mazuva akawanda—mamwe marondedzero anoti gore raive nemazuva angangoita mazana mana nemakumi mana nemashanu. Kuwedzerwa uku kwakanyanya kwaidiwa kuitira kuti gore rinotevera ritange nekarenda itsva, yakagadzikana.
Kutanga muna 45 BC, karenda yaJulian yakatanga kushandiswa zviri pamutemo.
Mashandiro anoita Karenda yaJulian
Karenda yaJulian inoisa mitemo iri nyore:
1. Kureba kwegore mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu.
2. Makore mana ega ega, zuva rimwe chete rinowedzerwa (gore rinosvetuka-svetuka), zvichiita kuti rive mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu.
Nemamwe mashoko, avhareji yehurefu hwegore mukarenda yaJulian imazuva 365,25.
Uyezve, karenda yaJulian yakarongazve kureba kwemwedzi sezvatinoiziva: mimwe mwedzi yaive nemazuva makumi matatu, mimwe makumi matatu nerimwe, uye Kukadzi wakava mupfupi. Tsika dzakakurumbira dzinotaura nezvaAugustus naJulius "vachirwisana" pamusoro pehurefu hwemwedzi (semuenzaniso, Nyamavhuvhu yakapihwa mazuva makumi matatu nerimwe), asi ruzivo urwu rwakanyanya kusanganiswa kwengano uye kurerutsa nhoroondo. Zviri pachena kuti hurongwa hwemwedzi hwekarenda yeRoma hwakazogadziriswa, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kushandisa mukutonga.
Dambudziko Rakavanzika: Musiyano Negore Renzvimbo Dzinopisa
Kunyangwe karenda raJulian raive rakanyatsorongeka kupfuura karenda reRoma rekare, raive richine kusasimba kwesainzi. Gore renzvimbo dzinopisa (nguva yekuti nyika idzokere panzvimbo imwe chete kana tichienzanisa nemwaka, kubva pa equinox kusvika ku equinox) chaizvoizvo rine mazuva angangoita 365,2422, kwete mazuva 365,25.
Musiyano wacho unoita semudiki: mazuva angangoita 0,0078 pagore, kana kuti anenge maminetsi gumi nerimwe nemasekonzi gumi nemana. Asi nekufamba kwenguva, misiyano iyi inowedzera. Nekuda kweizvozvo, karenda yaJulian inodzokera shure kanenge zuva rimwe chete makore 128 ega ega zvichienzaniswa nemwaka. Mumazana emakore apfuura, zuva rechirimo—iro rakakosha pakuverenga mazororo echitendero—rinoramba richichinja.
Basa reKarenda yaJulian Munyika yechiKristu
Karenda yaJulian yakava nesimba guru sezvo Umambo hweRoma hwakachinja uye chiKristu chichiwedzera. Karenda yechechi, kunyanya maererano nekusarudza Isita, yaivimba nenzvimbo ye equinox uye zvikamu zvemwedzi. Dare reNicaea muna 325 AD, semuenzaniso, rakaisa gwara rekuverenga Isita nekutarisa equinox yechirimo.
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, karenda yaJulian yaishandiswa zvakanyanya muEurope, muhurumende, mukutengeserana, uye muchechi. Kunyangwe mushure mekuputsika kweUmambo hweRoma hwekuMadokero, karenda yaJulian yakaramba iriyo nzira yakajairika munzvimbo dzakawanda nekuti hutungamiriri hwechechi netsika dzekunyora magwaro dzaivimba nayo.
Kugadziriswa kwaGregory: Kugadzirisa Karenda yaJulian
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi16, kusiyana kwekarenda yaJulian nemwaka kwakanga kwakakura zvakakwana kukonzera matambudziko akakomba, kunyanya kuChechi yeKaturike. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1500, nguva yechando, iyo yaifanira kunge iri pedyo naKurume 21 (sekureva kweDare reNicaea), yakanga yachinja kuenda kunenge musi waKurume 11 pakarenda yaJulian. Izvi zvakakanganisa kuverenga kweIsita nekarenda yechitendero.
Saka, muna 1582, Pope Gregory XIII akatanga karenda yaGregory. Pakava nekuchinja kukuru kuviri:
1. Kubvisa mazuva gumi kuti "zvienderane" nemwaka (semuenzaniso, mushure meGumiguru 4, 1582 zvakabva zvangotanga kuva Gumiguru 15, 1582 munyika dzakabva dzangozvigamuchira).
2. Mitemo yegore rinosvetuka yakachinjwa: makore ezana remakore (semuenzaniso, 1700, 1800, 1900) haasi makore anosvetuka kunze kwekunge achikamurwa ne400 (semuenzaniso, 1600 ne2000 makore anosvetuka). Izvi zvinoita kuti avhareji yehurefu hwegore ive mazuva 365,2425, ari pedyo zvikuru negore renzvimbo dzinopisa.
Kuchinja uku kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kuchinjika kwemwaka, zvichiita kuti karenda yaGregory ive yakarurama kwenguva refu.
Kugoverwa Kusina Kufanana
Kugamuchirwa kwekarenda yaGregory hakuna kuitika panguva imwe chete pasi rose. Nyika dzechiKaturike dzakadai seItaly, Spain, nePortugal dzakaigamuchira kare kare, nepo nyika zhinji dzechiPurotesitendi nedzechiOrthodox dzakanonoka nekuda kwezvikonzero zvematongerwo enyika nezvechitendero. Britain nemakoloni ayo akangogamuchira karenda yaGregory muna 1752. Russia yakachinja mushure meChimurenga cha1917, zvikaita kuti pave nechokwadi chinonakidza: "Chimurenga chaGumiguru" zvichienderana nekarenda yaJulian chakaitika muna Mbudzi wekarenda yaGregory.
Nekuda kwemusiyano uyu munguva dzekutora, mazuva maviri anowanzoonekwa mumagwaro enhoroondo: Old Style (OS) yeJulian uye New Style (NS) yeGregorian.
Karenda yaJulian Munguva Dzemazuva Ano
Kunyangwe karenda yaGregory yava tsika yepasi rose, karenda yaJulian haisati yanyangarika zvachose. Mamwe machechi eEastern Orthodox achiri kushandisa karenda yaJulian pamhemberero dzakasiyana, kusanganisira Kisimusi. Nekuti musiyano uripo pakati pekarenda yaJulian neyaGregory unoramba uchikwira (pari zvino mazuva gumi nematatu muzana remakore rechi21), Kisimusi, Zvita 25 zvichienderana nekarenda yaJulian, inowira musi wa7 Ndira zvichienderana nekarenda yaGregory.
Pamusoro pezvo, izwi rekuti "karenda raJulian" rinowanikwawo mune zvesainzi zvakaita se "nhamba yezuva raJulian" (hurongwa hwekuverenga mazuva akatevedzana hunoshandiswa nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi), kunyangwe pfungwa iyi isiri karenda raJulian mupfungwa yevanhuwo zvavo, asi hurongwa hwenhamba hunobatsira kuverenga zvinhu zvemuchadenga.
Mhedziso
Karenda yaJulian yakamuka nekuda kwechikonzero chikuru: kuunza kurongeka munguva yeRoma isina kurongeka uye kuenderana nekarenda nemwaka. Nekuda kwekuchinja kwaJulius Caesar nerubatsiro rwekuongorora nyeredzi dzeAlexandria, karenda yaJulian yakava imwe yenhaka dzakagara kwenguva refu munhoroondo yevanhu. Zvisinei, kururama kwayo kusina kukwana kwesainzi kwakaita kuti ichinje zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mumwaka, pakupedzisira ichitsiviwa nekarenda yaGregory.
Kunyange zvakadaro, karenda yaJulian ichiri kukosha sechiitiko chinokosha munhoroondo yeruzivo nehurumende. Inoratidza kuti tsika dzakaedza sei kukunda kuoma kwezvinhu zvakasikwa—kufamba kwezuva, mwaka, uye mafambiro ehupenyu—kuburikidza nemitemo yaibvumiranwa. Kubva kuRoma yekare kusvika kutsika dzechitendero dzemazuva ano, zviratidzo zvekarenda yaJulian zvichiri kunzwika, zvichiratidza kuti maitiro ekarenda haasi nyaya yekuverenga mazuva chete, asi chiratidzo chezvinodiwa zvemagariro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvesainzi zvenguva yakatarwa.
