Nhoroondo yeInca Civilization uye Nhaka Yayo
Hunhu hweInca hwaive humwe hwehunhu hwakakura uye hwaive nesimba muAmerica vasati vasvika vekuEurope. Humambo uhwu hwakakura mumakomo eAndes, kunyanya munzvimbo yava kunzi Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeArgentina neColombia. Neguta rayo guru muCusco, Inca yakagadzira hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakarongeka, network yakakura yemigwagwa, tekinoroji yepamusoro yekurima, uye nhaka yekuvaka iyo ichiri kushamisa nyika nanhasi. Kuti tinzwisise hukuru hweInca, tinofanira kutsvaga mavambo ayo, nguva yayo yekubudirira, masisitimu ayo ezvemagariro evanhu nehupfumi, zvikonzero zvayo zvekuderera, uye nhaka yayo iripo.
Mavambo uye Kumuka kweUmambo hweInca
Zvinoenderana netsika dzekutaura nedzeAndean, vaInca vakabva mungano yaManco Cápac naMama Ocllo, avo vanonzi vakabuda muLake Titicaca kuzotanga Cusco. Kunyange zvazvo nyaya iyi iri yengano, inoratidza kukosha kwechitendero uye chiratidzo mukuumbwa kwesimba reInca. Munhoroondo, vaInca vakatanga seboka diki rakatenderedza mupata weCusco kutanga kwezana remakore rechi13. Mumazuva avo ekutanga, havana kubva vangova simba guru, asi panzvimbo pezvo vaikwikwidzana nemamwe mapoka munharaunda yeAndean.
Kuchinja kukuru kwakaitika apo vatongi veInca vakatanga kushandisa nzira dzehondo nedzezvematongerwo enyika. Muzana remakore rechi15, kunyanya pasi pehutungamiriri hwaPachacuti Inca Yupanqui (akatonga c. 1438-1471), vaInca vakakura zvikuru. Pachacuti anozivikanwa semugadziri wezvinhu akavaka chimiro chehurumende chakasimba, akawedzera nzvimbo, uye akatanga mapurojekiti makuru ekuvaka. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, umambo hwakakura hukava nyika yakakura inonzi Tawantinsuyu, zvichireva kuti "nzvimbo ina dzakabatana."
Maumbirwo Ezvematongerwo Enyika Nehutungamiriri
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakaita kuti maInca abudirire kwaive hurongwa hwekutonga hwaishanda pamwe chete asi huchishanda. Humambo hwacho hwakakamurwa kuita matunhu mana makuru: Chinchaysuyu (kuchamhembe), Antisuyu (kumabvazuva), Collasuyu (kumaodzanyemba), uye Cuntisuyu (kumadokero). Matunhu aya mana aive pakati peCusco, "guvhu renyika" mukufunga kweInca. Mutungamiri wenyika ainzi Sapa Inca, mutongi mukuru aionekwa seane hukama naMwari, kunyanya namwari wezuva Inti.
Kuti vatarisire nzvimbo dzavo dzakakura uye dzakasiyana-siyana, vaInca vakaisa hurongwa hwevakuru vakuru uye hurongwa hwakasimba hwekutarisira. Vaivimba nekuchengetedza zvinyorwa vachishandisa quipu, tambo yakasungwa yaishanda semudziyo wekuchengetera data. Kunyange zvazvo vaInca vakanga vasina hurongwa hwekunyora hune arufabheti, quipu yaivabvumira kuverenga mitero, huwandu hwevanhu, goho, uye kugoverwa kwevashandi.
Zvehupfumi, Kurima, uye Masisitimu eVashandi
Hupfumi hweInca hwakavakirwa pakurima kwaienderana nenzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakasiyana-siyana dzeAndes. Vakavaka matura ekurima kudzivirira kukurwa kwevhu uye kuwedzera minda yekurima. Uyezve, vaInca vakagadzira sisitimu yekudiridza yaiendesa mvura kubva kumakomo kuenda kuminda. Zvirimwa zvavo zvikuru zvaisanganisira chibage, mbatatisi, quinoa, nebhinzi. Mbatatisi dzakatozova chinhu chakakosha, uye vanhu vekuAndean vakagadzira nzira dzekuchengetedza dzakadai sechuño (mbatatisi dzakaomeswa nechando) dzaibvumira kuchengetwa kwenguva refu.
Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana nehupfumi hweInca hwaive hurongwa hwemita, hwaida kuti vagari vashande kuti nyika ibatsirwe. Basa reMita raishandiswa kuvaka migwagwa, mabhiriji, nenhare, pamwe nekurima minda yekurima yehurumende. Basa reMita raisangova basa rekumanikidzwa chete, sezvo muzviitiko zvakawanda hurumende yaipa zvinhu zvekushandisa zvakaita sechikafu nedziviriro yevashandi. Zvisinei, hurongwa uhwu hwaishandawo sechishandiso chekudzora zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu, kunyanya munzvimbo dzichangobva kutorwa.
Hupenyu Hwemagariro Evanhu Nezvitendero
Nzanga yeInca yaiva nehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu hwakarongwa. Pamusoro paive neSapa Inca nemachinda. Pasi pavo paive nevakuru vakuru, vatungamiriri vemunharaunda, nevapristi. Ruzhinji rwevanhu vaive varimi nevashandi, vakarongwa muAyllu, nharaunda dzemhuri dzakakura dzaishanda sehwaro hwekurongeka kwevanhu. Ayllu yaive nebasa rekutarisira ivhu revanhu, kuchengetedza tsika, uye kuzadzisa zvisungo zvevashandi kuhurumende.
Panyaya yekutenda, vaInca vainamatira kuchitendero chevamwari vakawanda, Inti (zuva) ari mwari wavo mukuru. Vainamatawo Viracocha semusiki, Pachamama semwarikadzi wepasi, uye mweya yakasiyana-siyana yechisikigo. Mitambo yechitendero yaisanganisira mhemberero, zvipiriso, uye mitambo yaiwanzoenderana nemaitiro ekurima. Chitendero chaisangova nyaya yemweya chete asiwo chishandiso chepamutemo wezvematongerwo enyika, sezvo vaInca veSapa vaionekwa se "vana vezuva."
Nhaka yeMagadzirirwo neZvivakwa
Nhaka yakakurumbira yevaInca ndeye matombo avo akanyatsogadzirwa nemazvo. Vakakwanisa kuunganidza matombo makuru vasina dhaka, vachishandisa nzira yaiacheka-cheka pamwe chete zvekuti aisagona kudzivirirwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika. Muenzaniso wehunyanzvi uhwu unogona kuonekwa paSacsayhuamán, nhare yakanaka iri pedyo neCusco, yakagadzirwa nematombo makuru, asina chimiro chakasiyana, akabatana.
Uyezve, Machu Picchu chiratidzo chenhaka yeInca chinozivikanwa pasi rose. Nzvimbo iyi iri pamusoro pegomo uye inofungidzirwa kuti yakashanda senzvimbo yeumambo kana nzvimbo yekunamata. Machu Picchu inoratidza musanganiswa wezvivakwa nezvisikwa: matura ekurima, matemberi, nzvimbo dzekugara, uye hurongwa hwemvura hwakasimba.
VaInca vakavakawo nzira yemigwagwa yainzi Qhapaq Ñan, yakatambanudzwa makiromita anopfuura 30.000 ichiyambuka makomo, mipata, nemarenje. Migwagwa iyi yaive nemabhiriji akagadzirwa neshinda dzemiti, nzvimbo dzekuzororera (tambo), uye sisitimu yekutumira zvinhu nekukurumidza (chasqui). Nzira iyi yaibvumira ruzivo nezvinhu kufamba nekukurumidza muumambo hwese.
Kuwa kweUmambo hweInca
Pasinei nesimba rayo, Umambo hweInca hwakaparara nekukurumidza mushure mekusvika kwevaSpanish mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi16. Pakazosvika Francisco Pizarro muna 1532, vaInca vakanga vari muhondo yevagari vemo pakati pehama mbiri: Atahualpa naHuáscar. Kusawirirana uku kwemukati kwakakanganisa kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Pizarro akashandisa mukana wemamiriro ezvinhu ndokutora Atahualpa muCajamarca, pasinei nemauto ake akanga akawanda.
Kuwedzera kune kurwisana kwemukati menyika, zvirwere zvakaunzwa neEurope zvakaitawo basa guru mukuderedza simba revanhu vekuAndean, kunyangwe vasati vatora Atahualpa zvizere. Mushure mekutorwa nekuurayiwa kweAtahualpa, vaSpain vakatora zvishoma nezvishoma kutonga kweCusco nedzimwe nzvimbo dzesimba. Kunyangwe kuramba kweInca kwakaramba kuripo kubva kuVilcabamba kusvika muna 1572, umambo hwakazopedzisira hwawa.
Nhaka yeInca uye Simba rayo kusvika pari zvino
Kunyangwe umambo hwakaparara, nhaka yeInca ichiripo. Quechua, yaimbova mutauro wekutonga kweInca, ichiri kutaurwa nemamiriyoni evanhu muAndes nanhasi. Nzira dzekurima dzakagadzirwa nemateru dzichiri kushandiswa uye dzinoshanda sekukurudzira kurima kunochengetedza nzvimbo munzvimbo dzemakomo. Mutsika, tsika dzechivanhu dzinokudza Pachamama kana mitambo ine chekuita nezuva yakaita seInti Raymi dzichiri kupembererwa, kunyanya muPeru.
Zvisaririra zvenyama zvakaita seMachu Picchu, Cusco, naQhapaq Ñan hazvisi zvinhu zvekutsvaga nhoroondo chete asiwo zvinopa mukurumbira munharaunda uye kudada nazvo. Nzvimbo idzi dzinokwezva vashanyi vanobva kumativi ese epasi, zvichitiyeuchidza kuti magariro akanaka anogona kubudirira pasina tekinoroji yemazuva ano, asi nehurongwa hwakasimba hwemagariro evanhu, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro, uye kugona kuchinjika kune nharaunda dzawo.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yehunhu hweInca inoratidza kuti vanhu vekuAndean vaikwanisa kuvaka humambo hukuru nehutungamiriri hunobudirira, kurima kwakanyatsogadzirwa, uye kuvaka kwakanaka. Vakagadzira hurongwa hwakarongeka, vakabatanidza nzvimbo dzakakura ne network yemigwagwa, uye vakasiya nhaka ichiripo nanhasi. Kunyangwe yakaparadzwa nekusanganiswa kwehondo dzemukati nekukundwa kweSpain, nhaka yeInca inogara iripo mumutauro, tsika, matekiniki ekurima, uye nzvimbo dzenhoroondo dzinoumba imwe yepfuma yepasi rose yehunhu. Nekudzidza Inca, hatingonzwisisi zvakapfuura zveSouth America chete asiwo tinodzidza zvidzidzo nezvekusimba, hunyanzvi, uye hukama hwevanhu nezvisikwa.
