Vanhu Vakuru muNhoroondo yeChina
Nhoroondo yeChina ndeimwe yetsika dzakareba uye dzine simba guru pasi rose. Muzviuru zvemakore, madzimambo akasimuka ndokuwa, hondo huru dzakarwiwa, sainzi yakabudirira, uye pfungwa itsva dzakazvarwa dzakaumba East Asia kusvika munguva yanhasi. Seri kweshanduko idzi huru kwaive nevanhu vakakosha—vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, vazivi, vakundi, vanochinja zvinhu, uye vapanduki—vachiri kunzwisiswa nanhasi. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora vamwe vevanhu vakuru munhoroondo yeChina vakakurumbira nekuda kwesimba ravo panyika, tsika, uye nzanga.
1. Confucius (551–479 BC): Mugadziri wetsika dzemagariro evanhu
Confucius (Kongzi) mumwe wevazivi vane simba guru munhoroondo yepasi rose. Dzidziso dzake dzakasimbisa tsika dzemunhu, mutoro wevanhu, kuzvipira kuvabereki, uye kukosha kwekurongeka kwevanhu kwakabatana. Mukuona kwaConfucius, nyika yakanaka inotsigirwa kwete nemitemo yakaoma chete, asiwo nevatungamiriri vane hunhu hwakanaka nevagari vane tsika dzakanaka.
Kunyange zvazvo Confucius aisaonekwa semunhu akabudirira mune zvematongerwo enyika panguva yehupenyu hwake, pfungwa dzake dzakazova hwaro hwedzidzo nehurongwa hwehurumende muChina. Mazana emakore mushure mekufa kwake, huConfucianism hwakava gwara guru rekutonga madzimambo makuru, kunyanya mukusarudza vakuru kuburikidza nebvunzo dzehurumende.
2. Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BC): Kutanga Kubatana kweChina
Qin Shi Huang ndiye mambo wekutanga kubatanidza nzvimbo dzaimbove dzakapatsanurwa kuita nyika yeChina yakabatana. Asati atonga, China yaive nenyika diki dzairwa munguva yeHondo dzeNyika. Nehurongwa hwakasimba hwemauto nehutungamiriri, Qin Shi Huang akaisa hwaro hwehumambo hweChina.
Akashandisa mitemo yakawanda: maitiro ekuyera, mari, kunyora, uye kunyange upamhi hwema axles engoro. Mutemo uyu wakaita kuti hupfumi nehurumende zvibatane. Zvisinei, kutonga kwake kwaive kwakaomawo: kupisa mabhuku nekudzvinyirira pfungwa zvinowanzotaurwa serutivi rwakashata rwenguva yaQin. Kunyangwe umambo hwaQin husina kugara kwenguva refu, nhaka yaQin Shi Huang se "mugadziri wehurumende" yakakosha munhoroondo yeChina.
3. Han Wudi (156–87 BC): Kuwedzera uye Kubatanidzwa kweHumambo hweHan
Mambo Wu weHan (Han Wudi) aive mumwe wevatongi vane simba guru vedzinza raHan. Akawedzera umambo, akasimbisa hutongi hwehurumende, uye akasimudzira huConfucianism sepfungwa yepamutemo yenyika. Pasi pake, China yakawedzera simba rayo muCentral Asia, iyo yakazove nebasa guru mukuumbwa kweSilk Road—nzira yekutengeserana uye kuchinjana kwetsika kwaibatanidza China neWest.
Kunyange hazvo mitemo yayo yekuwedzera nyika yaidhura, yakasimudzirawo kukura kwehunyanzvi hwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika uye kutengeserana kwenyika dzese. Nguva yaHan Wudi inowanzoonekwa senzvimbo yepamusoro yesimba rehumambo hwaHan uye nguva inotsanangura hunhu hwehumambo hweChina.
4. Sima Qian (145–86 BC): Baba veNhoroondo yeChina
Kungofanana nenyika dzinoda vatungamiriri kuti dzibudirire, tsika nemagariro zvinodawo vanyori venhoroondo kuti vayeuke. Sima Qian aive munyori wenhoroondo mukuru akanyora Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), basa guru rakazova hwaro hwenhoroondo dzakatevera dzemadzimambo ekuChina. Haana kungonyora zviitiko chete asiwo akanyora nhoroondo dzehupenyu hwevanhu, achikurukura nezvehupfumi, tsika, uye mamiriro emagariro evanhu.
Sima Qian aizivikanwa nekushinga kwake uye kuvimbika kwake. Akarangwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekudzivirira mukuru wemauto aionekwa seakundikana, asi akasarudza kurarama kuti apedzise basa rake renhoroondo. Kushinga uku kwakaita kuti Sima Qian ave chiratidzo chekuzvipira kune ruzivo nechokwadi chenhoroondo.
5. Tang Taizong (598–649): Mambo Akakodzera weDzinza reTang
Dzinza reTang rinowanzonzi nguva yegoridhe yetsika dzechiChinese, uye Mambo Tang Taizong aive munhu akakosha mukugadzikana nekufambira mberi kwayo. Aizivikanwa semutungamiri akangwara, aibvuma kushoropodzwa, uye aikwanisa kuenzanisa simba remauto nekutonga kwevanhu.
Munguva yekutonga kwake, masisitimu emutemo nekutonga akavandudzwa, kutengeserana kwakabudirira, uye hukama hwezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nzvimbo hwakakura. Kubudirira kwaTang Taizong kwakaita kuti Dzinza raTang rive chiratidzo chekubwinya kwechiChinese chekare, kunyanya muhunyanzvi, mabhuku, uye kuvhurika kwetsika.
6. Wu Zetian (624–705): Mukadzi Chete Akava Mambo
Wu Zetian munhu akasiyana nevamwe munhoroondo yeChina sezvo ari iye ega mukadzi akatonga samambo ane zita repamutemo, kwete kungova mambokadzi kana mutongi. Akabudirira kuburikidza nepfungwa dzemumuzinda asi akaratidza kuva simba guru rezvematongerwo enyika mukutonga nyika.
Kutonga kwake kwakaratidzwa nekusimbiswa kwehurumende, kusimudzirwa kwevakuru vakuru zvichibva pahunhu hwavo, uye rutsigiro rwechiBuddha. Kunyangwe paine gakava uye kazhinji kacho zvichiratidzwa zvisina kunaka munhoroondo dzechivanhu, vanyori venhau dzemazuva ano vazhinji vanofunga kuti Wu Zetian aive mutongi anobudirira uyo akapikisa tsika dzepabonde dzenguva yake.
7. Kublai Khan (1215–1294): Muvambi wehumambo hwaYuan
Semuzukuru waGenghis Khan, Kublai Khan akatungamira kukunda kukuru kwakazoita kuti China itongwe nevaMongol uye akatanga hutongi hweYuan Dynasty. Akabudirira kutonga nzvimbo yakakura yaigara vanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana netsika, achigadzira hurumende yaibatanidza tsika dzevaMongol nehurongwa hwekutonga hweChina.
Munguva yekutonga kwake, kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda kwakabudirira, uye China yakawedzera kubatana nenyika, kusanganisira kuburikidza nerondedzero yekufamba yaMarco Polo. Kunyangwe dzinza raYuan rakasangana nekupikiswa uye pakupedzisira rakatsiviwa nedzinza raMing, kutonga kwaKublai Khan kuchiri kukosha munhoroondo yehukama hweChina nenyika dzekunze.
8. Kangxi (1654–1722): Mutongi Mukuru weMambo weQing
Mambo weKangxi aive mumwe wemadzimambo akatonga kwenguva refu munhoroondo yeChina. Anozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwake kudzikamisa nyika, kuwedzera nzvimbo, uye kusimbisa hutongi hweumambo. Kangxi akaratidzawo kufarira sainzi netsika, kusanganisira kushanda pamwe chete nemamishinari eJesuit pakuongorora nyeredzi nemepu.
Nguva yeKangxi inowanzoonekwa senzvimbo yepamusoro pesimba reQing Dynasty, ichiratidzwa nekukura kwehupfumi nekutonga nzvimbo dzakakura. Akava chiratidzo chemutungamiri ane hunyanzvi anokwanisa kuchengetedza kugadzikana pakati pemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nemadzinza.
9. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925): Baba veChimurenga chemazuva ano cheChina
Achipinda munguva yemazuva ano, Sun Yat-sen akava munhu akagumisa nguva yehumambo. Akatungamira sangano rakaparadza Qing Dynasty zvikaita kuti pave neRepublic of China muna 1912. Sun anozivikanwa nePrinciples Three of the People: nyika, democracy, uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
Kunyange zvazvo rwendo rwezvematongerwo enyika rweChina rwakatevera rwakazara nekusawirirana, Sun Yat-sen anoremekedzwa zvikuru—muTaiwan nemunyika huru—semunhu akagadzira nzira yekuvandudza zvematongerwo enyika uye kuvandudzwa kwenyika.
10. Mao Zedong (1893–1976): Muvaki wePeople's Republic of China
Mao Zedong aive mupanduki akatungamira bato reChinese Communist Party kusvika pakavambwa People's Republic of China muna 1949. Hutungamiriri hwake hwakachinja mamiriro ehupfumi nemagariro evanhu muChina kuburikidza nekugadzirisa ivhu, maindasitiri, uye zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakaita seGreat Leap Forward neCultural Revolution.
Nhaka yaMao yakaoma kunzwisisa. Anoonekwa semunhu akabatanidza China uye akasimbisa hutongi hwenyika, asi mamwe maitiro akakonzerawo kutambura kukuru uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu. Mao achiri munhu anokakavadzana, asi simba rake rakaumba China yemazuva ano.
Penutup
Vanhu vakuru venhoroondo yeChina vanoratidza kuti gwara rerwendo rwenyika rinotemerwa nepfungwa, hutungamiriri, uye kusawirirana kwenguva imwe neimwe. Kubva kuna Confucius, uyo akatanga hwaro hwetsika nedzidzo, kusvika kuna Qin Shi Huang, uyo akabatanidza dunhu, kubva kumadzimambo akaunza mbiri kumadzimambo kusvika kune vaimukira vezana remakore rechi20, zvese zvakasiya zviratidzo zvakadzama zvinopesvedzera kuzivikanwa kweChina kusvika nhasi. Kunzwisisa vanhu ava hakusi kungoziva mazita chete, asiwo kunzwisisa kuti nhoroondo yakaumba sei budiriro inoramba ichichinja uye ichienderana nenyika inochinja.
