Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweDzidziso yeKushanduka-shanduka naCharles Darwin
Pendauluan
Munhoroondo yesainzi, hapana dzidziso dzakawanda dzakava nemhedzisiro yakakura uye inoshamisa sedzidziso yaCharles Darwin yekushanduka-shanduka. Dzidziso iyi yakachinja manzwisisiro atinoita mavambo ehupenyu nenzvimbo yevanhu muchadenga. Dzidziso iyi isati yatanga, pfungwa huru yaive yekuti marudzi ese akasikwa akasimba uye asingachinji nesimba raMwari. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nekucherechedza nekungwarira uye kufunga kwakadzama, Darwin akagadzira dzidziso inotsanangura mashandiro ekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yaCharles Darwin yekushanduka-shanduka uye kukanganisa kwayo sainzi nenzanga.
Nhoroondo yaCharles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin akaberekwa musi wa12 Kukadzi 1809, muShrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Kubva achiri mudiki, Darwin akaratidza kufarira zvikuru zvakasikwa. Paakapinda muYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh kunodzidza zvekurapa, kufarira kwake kwakachinja kuenda kunhoroondo yechisikigo mushure mekunge azviwana asingakwanise kutsungirira nzira dzekurapa dzinosemesa dzepanguva iyoyo. Darwin akabva atamira kuYunivhesiti yeCambridge, kwaakawana nhungamiro yemweya neyesainzi kubva kuna Purofesa Henslow, uyo aizove nepesvedzero huru pabasa rake.
Rwendo rweHMS Beagle
Chimwe chezviitiko zvikuru muhupenyu hwaDarwin chakaisa hwaro hwekusimudzirwa kwedzidziso dzake rwaiva rwendo rwake rwekuenda kuHMS Beagle pakati pemapuraneti. Rwendo urwu, rwakatora kubva musi wa27 Zvita 1831, kusvika 2 Gumiguru 1836, rwakabvumira Darwin kuongorora mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzema biomes uye geological formations, kubva kuSouth America neGalápagos Islands kusvika kuAustralia neAndes highlands. Munguva yerwendo urwu, Darwin akaunganidza mienzaniso isingaverengeki yemiti, mhuka, uye mafossil, uye akaongorora nekungwarira nezvekuchinja kwehupenyu munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Simba reGalápagos Islands
Zvakaonekwa naDarwin paGalápagos Islands zvaive pakati pezvakakosha zvikuru mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yake. Darwin akaona kuti shiri dzerudzi rweFinches pazvitsuwa dzairatidza kusiyana kwechimiro chemuromo nehukuru hwairatidzika kunge hwakaenzana nerudzi rwechikafu chaiwanikwa pachitsuwa chimwe nechimwe. Izvi zvakapa Darwin pfungwa yekuti mhando dzemhuka hadzina kugadzika asi dzaigona kuchinja zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze kwadzo. Pfungwa iyi yekusiyana uye kugadziriswa yakazova hwaro hwedzidziso yaDarwin yekushanduka-shanduka.
Dzidziso yeKushanduka-shanduka uye Kusarudzwa Kwezvisikwa
Muna 1838, Darwin akaverenga basa raThomas Malthus pamusoro pevanhu nezviwanikwa, iro rakatsanangura kuti vanhu vaiwanzokura nekukurumidza kupfuura kugona kwekugadzira chikafu. Mafungiro aMalthus akafuridzira Darwin kuti agumise kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvinotamburawo kurarama muzvisikwa. Darwin akatanga pfungwa yekusarudza zvakasikwa, uko vanhu vane mhando dzakasiyana dzekurarama munzvimbo dzavanogara vane mukana wakakura wekubereka nekupa hunhu ihwohwo kuvana vavo.
Asati aburitsa dzidziso yake zvakanyanya, Darwin akakurukura uye akabvunzana nevamwe vake. Zvisinei, akaramba achizeza kuiburitsa, achitya kuti yaizopikiswa nemasangano ane simba esainzi nechitendero panguva iyoyo.
Bhuku rinonzi "Pamusoro Pemavambo Emarudzi"
Kuda kwaDarwin kuzivisa dzidziso yake kwakakurudzirwa nemusayendisiti wechidiki ainzi Alfred Russel Wallace, uyo akanga asvika pamhedziso dzakafanana pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo. Muna 1858, Wallace akatumira Darwin bepa achitsvaga maonero ake pamusoro pepfungwa dzake. Kuti aremekedze kukoshesa kwaWallace uye aratidze kuti ndiye akakosha, Darwin akakurumidza kupedzisa gwaro rake ndokuburitsa "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" musi wa24 Mbudzi, 1859.
Bhuku iri rakakonzera nyonganyonga, richirumbidzwa nekutsoropodzwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana. Pfungwa yaro yezvakasikwa nezvekwakabva mhando dzezvisikwa yakapikisa tsika dzekusika uye yakafambisa sainzi munzira itsva zvichibva pauchapupu hwezvakaitika.
Kugamuchira uye Kukakavadzana
Dzidziso yaDarwin yakasatenderwa uye yakatovengwa nevamwe vesainzi nevanhu vechitendero. Vazhinji vakabvunza kuti humbowo hwaDarwin hwaive hwechokwadi here, vamwe vachiona dzidziso yake seyakashora dzidziso dzechitendero. Zvisinei, masayendisiti mazhinji akafadzwa nedzidziso iyi ndokutanga kutsvaga humwe humbowo hunoitsigira.
Kwemakore, nharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzesainzi, kubva kugenetics kusvika ku paleontology, dzakapa humbowo hwakasimba hunotsigira dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kuburikidza ne natural selection. Zvakawanikwa naGregor Mendel mumagenes, semuenzaniso, zvakapa hwaro hwemamorekuru ekugara nhaka kwehunhu uhwo Darwin akanga asingakwanisi kutsanangura kare.
Budiriro yePost-Darwin
Mushure mekufa kwaDarwin musi wa19 Kubvumbi 1882, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yakaramba ichikura uye yakasimbiswa nezvakawanikwa nesainzi zvakasiyana-siyana. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, munda wezvemajini emazuva ano, wakatanga kushandiswa nemasayendisiti akadai saThomas Hunt Morgan uye kurongwa kweDNA naJames Watson naFrancis Crick muna 1953, zvakasimbisa hwaro hwesainzi hwedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka. Kushanduka-shanduka kwakanga kwava kuonekwa kwete chete kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemuviri kana kwechimiro, asiwo padanho remamorekuru nemajini.
Mhedzisiro Yemagariro Evanhu uye Uzivi
Dzidziso yaDarwin yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu yakapesvedzera zvikuru uzivi, sociology, uye dzidziso dzechitendero. Yakapikisa maonero evanhu ayo aitonga kunzwisisa kwedu hupenyu nebasa revanhu muchadenga. Muhuzivi, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu yakakurudzira chitendero chezvisikwa uye zvinhu zvenyama, ichisimbisa kuti hupenyu nemuviri zvinogona kutsanangurwa pasina kushandisa zvinhu kana masimba anoshamisa.
Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi yakashandiswawo zvisizvo mupfungwa dzinokuvadza dzakadai se eugenics uye social Darwinism, uko misimboti yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo inoshandiswa zvisizvo mumamiriro ezvinhu emagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika, kazhinji kururamisa rusaruraganda nemaitiro ekusarura.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yaCharles Darwin yekushanduka-shanduka yaive danho guru mukunzwisisa kwedu hupenyu. Haina kungochinja biology chete asiwo yakachinja mamwe matunhu mazhinji eruzivo rwevanhu. Nekupa nzira yakasimba yesainzi yekutsanangura mavambo nekukura kwemarudzi, Darwin akapa hurongwa hwakapfuma uye hune simba hwakafuridzira kutsvagurudza kutsva uye zvakawanikwa kwemakore anopfuura zana. Nhaka yake inoramba iripo, sezvatinoramba tichiongorora kuoma kwehupenyu uye maitiro echisikigo anoumba hupenyu pasi pano.
