Mupiro waNikola Tesla kuNyika yeSainzi
Nikola Tesla mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yesainzi yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji. Zita rake rinowanzo batanidzwa nemagetsi, magetsi anochinjana (AC), uye pfungwa dzemangwana dzaive mberi kwenguva yavo. Akazvarwa musi wa10 Chikunguru 1856, muSmiljan (yava kunzi Croatia) ndokufa musi wa7 Ndira 1943, muNew York, Tesla akararama hupenyu hwakazara nekuwana zvinhu zvitsva, makwikwi esainzi, uye mapurojekiti ane chinangwa. Kunyangwe asingawanzo kupiwa rukudzo rwaakakodzera munguva yake, mipiro yake ikozvino inozivikanwa senheyo dzakakosha dzemagetsi, tekinoroji yekutaurirana, uye misimboti yemazuva ano yeinjiniya.
1. Kuchinja Kwesimba Remagetsi (AC) System
Mupiro wakakurumbira waTesla waive wekuvandudza nekusimudzira sisitimu yekuchinja magetsi (AC). Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, nyika yakanga yakatarisana ne "Hondo yeMagetsi" pakati pemagetsi akananga (DC), aitsigirwa naThomas Edison, uye magetsi achinja magetsi (AC), aikurudzirwa naTesla naGeorge Westinghouse. Tesla yakaratidza kuti AC yaishanda zvakanyanya pakufambiswa kwemagetsi kure nekuti yaigona kukwidzwa nekudzika zviri nyore uchishandisa ma transformer. Izvi zvaireva kuti magetsi aigona kutumirwa pamagetsi akakwira kuderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba panguva yekufambiswa kwemagetsi, uye obva adzikiswa zvakare kuti ashandiswe zvakachengeteka mudzimba nemaindasitiri.
Sisitimu yeAC, iyo yave kushandiswa pasi rose nhasi, inoratidza kuti chiono chaTesla chaive chisina kungogadzira zvinhu zvitsva chete asiwo chinoshanda. Pasina sisitimu iyi, kupa magetsi muguta rose uye pakati pematunhu kwaizodhura zvakanyanya uye kwakaoma. Nemamwe mashoko, Tesla yakabatsira kugadzira nzira iyo vanhu vanogadzira, vanotumira, uye vanoshandisa simba remagetsi kusvika munguva yemazuva ano.
2. Mota yeInduction uye Munda weMagineti Unotenderera
Pamusoro pema AC systems, Tesla yakagadzirawo injini ye induction yaishanda ichishandisa simba remagineti rinotenderera. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, mota dzemagetsi dzaiwanzova dzakaoma, dzisingashande zvakanaka, uye dzaida ma commutator aiwanzo pera. Mota ye induction yaTesla yakatsiva nzira idzi nedhizaini iri nyore, yakasimba, uye inoshanda zvakanaka.
Mamota ekugadzira magineti ndiwo musimboti weindasitiri yemazuva ano, anoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemidziyo: mafeni, mapombi, michina yefekitori, macompressor, uye kunyange midziyo yemumba. Pfungwa yaTesla yekutenderera magineti yaive budiriro yesainzi neyeinjiniya, ichisanganisa dzidziso yemagetsi nemashandisirwo akakura emaindasitiri.
3. Kuedza kweTesla Coil neHigh Voltage
Tesla anozivikanwawo neTesla coil yake, circuit ye transformer ine resonant inokwanisa kugadzira voltages yakakwira zvakanyanya pama frequency akakwira. Kunyange zvazvo ichionekwa semudziyo wekuratidzira unoshamisa (nekuti inogadzira ma sparks emagetsi anoshamisa), Tesla coil yakakosha mukukura kwesainzi, kunyanya mukudzidza ma electromagnetic waves, resonance, uye maitiro emagetsi pama frequency akakwira.
Kuedza kwaTesla nemagetsi akakwira kwakabatsira kugadzira nzira yekunzwisisa zvakanyanya nezvekufambiswa kwesimba, hunhu hwemagetsi anoputira, uye chiitiko chekubuda kwemagetsi mumhepo. Munhoroondo yese yetekinoroji, musimboti wemaseketi ane resonant wakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kweredhiyo, terevhizheni, uye michina yakasiyana-siyana yekutaurirana isina waya.
4. Mipiro Yekutanga kuTekinoroji yeRadio uye Kutaurirana Pasina Waya
Tesla inowanzoonekwa semumwe wevakatanga kushandisa tekinoroji yeredhiyo. Akaita kuyedza mukutumira masaini asina waya redhiyo isati yava tekinoroji yekutengeserana. Tesla akagadzira pfungwa yekutumira masaini nesimba kuburikidza nemafungu emagetsi, kusanganisira kuratidzwa kwemidziyo yaigona kugamuchira nekugadzirisa masaini asina waya.
Munhaurirano dzenhoroondo, zita raGuglielmo Marconi ndiro rakakurumbira semuvambi weredhiyo, asi mipiro yaTesla haifanirwe kufuratirwa. Tesla yaive nemapatenti ane chekuita nemaseketi uye nzira dzekutumira izvo zvakazova hwaro hwetekinoroji yeredhiyo. Pasinei nekukakavadzana kwechikwereti, zviri pachena kuti Tesla aive mumwe wevasayendisiti vakasundidzira kutaurirana kwewaya kuti kuve kwechokwadi.
5. Kudzora Kure: Kudzora Kure seMutangi weKugadzira Zvishandiso
Muna 1898, Tesla akaratidza chikepe chaigona kudzorwa kure uchishandisa mafungu eredhiyo. Kuratidzira uku kwaive kwakachinja-chinja panguva yacho—kwete kungoedza kwakasiyana chete, asi kwakatangira pfungwa dzekudzora kure, marobhoti, uye otomatiki.
Pfungwa yekuti michina inogona kugamuchira mirairo isina waya yakavhura mikana mitsva yehurongwa hwekudzora, zvombo, midziyo yemumba, uye kunyange madrone emazuva ano. Nhasi, madhiraivha ari kure chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye mipiro yaTesla inoratidza kufanoona kwake ramangwana.
6. Chiono cheKutumira Simba Risina Waya
Imwe yepfungwa dzaTesla dzaive dzakanyanya kukosha yaive yekutumira simba pasina waya. Chirongwa cheWardenclyffe Tower muNew York chairatidza chinangwa ichi. Tesla aifungidzira kuti simba remagetsi neruzivo zvinogona kutumirwa kuburikidza nepasi nemhepo, zvichipa vanhu mukana wekuwana magetsi vasina network yakakura yetambo.
Kunyangwe chirongwa ichi chisina kumbopera nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zvemari nematambudziko ehunyanzvi, pfungwa yekutumira pasina waya inoramba ichikurudzira tsvakiridzo yemazuva ano. Nhasi, tekinoroji yekuchaja isina waya yemidziyo yemagetsi inogona kuonekwa seyakadzikiswa zvakanyanya yemaonero aTesla. Kunyange zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu nenzira dzakasiyana, chinangwa chayo chakafanana: kuderedza kuvimba nekubatanidza newaya pakugovera simba.
7. Nzira dzeSainzi dzekufunga uye Kufungidzira kweUinjiniya
Mipiro yaTesla yakanga isiri michina nemapatenti chete, asiwo nzira yekufunga. Aizivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwake hwekuona zvinhu, kazhinji "achigadzira" michina mupfungwa dzake asati agadzira prototype. Nzira iyi yakaratidza musanganiswa wepfungwa dzesainzi uye nzira yekugadzira mainjiniya.
Tesla akasimbisawo kukosha kwekushanda zvakanaka uye kushandiswa kwesimba rechisikigo. Akafunga nezvenzira dzekuwana simba rakachipa uye rakawanda, uye akafungidzira ramangwana apo tekinoroji inogona kuvandudza hupenyu hwevanhu zvakanyanya. Kunyange zvazvo mazano ake ese asina kushandiswa, mazano aTesla mazhinji akazowana kukosha zvakare sezvo tekinoroji nezvinodiwa nevanhu zvakachinja.
8. Nhaka yaTesla muTekinoroji Yemazuva Ano
Nhaka yaTesla inoonekwa muhurongwa hwemagetsi hwepasi rose, uhwo huchiri kushandiswa pakuchinjana kwemagetsi, kushandiswa kwemajini e induction muindasitiri, uye musimboti we resonance, iyo iri chikamu chetekinoroji yekutaurirana. Zita rake harina kufa muyuniti yemagnetic field, iyo inonzi tesla (T), zvichiratidza mipiro yake yakakosha mufizikisi ne electromagnetism.
Munguva yanhasi, Tesla yavewo chiratidzo chemusayendisiti ane pfungwa dzakapinza basa rake rakapfuura miganhu yemitemo. Vagadziri vazhinji vemazuva ano, kungave mune zvesimba, zvemagetsi, kana zvekutaurirana, vanokurudzirwa neushingi hwake hwekuedza nekufungidzira mikana mitsva.
Mhedziso
Nikola Tesla aive munhu akakosha pakuumba magadzirirwo etekinoroji munyika yanhasi. Kubva pakuchinjana masisitimu emazuva ano, ma induction motors, uye Tesla coil, kusvika kupfungwa dzekutaurirana pasina waya uye remote control, mipiro yake yakabatanidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi neinjiniya. Kunyangwe hupenyu hwake hwaive hwakaratidzwa nematambudziko emari nemakwikwi akasimba esainzi, pfungwa dzake dzinoramba dziripo uye dzichiri kupesvedzera kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kusvika nhasi. Tesla akadzidzisa kuti kuwana kukuru hakugaro berekwa nekunyaradzwa, asi kubva muushingi hwekufunga zvisingagoneki uye kuita kuti zvikwanisike.
