Chakavanzika cheStonehenge nedzidziso dzekuvakwa kwaro
Stonehenge ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira pasi rose dzekare. Iri paSalisbury Plain muWiltshire, England, chifananidzo ichi chikuru chematombo chakabata vanhu kwemazana emakore. Kunyange zvazvo chichiita sechiri nyore, Stonehenge ine hunyanzvi hwakaoma, zviratidzo, uye nhoroondo refu izvo zvakasiya vanochera matongo, vanyori venhoroondo, neveruzhinji vaine mubvunzo mumwe chete mukuru: yakavakwa sei uye nei?
Kuona Stonehenge zvishoma
Stonehenge ine marudzi akasiyana-siyana ematombo akarongwa mudenderedzwa uye chimiro chakafanana neshangu yebhiza. Matombo makuru anonzi sarsens, rudzi rwematombo ejecha akaoma anogona kurema matani makumi. Kunewo matombo madiki, anozivikanwa sematombo ebhuruu, akabva kuWales—makiromita angangoita mazana maviri kubva panzvimbo yaimbova neStonehenge. Nzvimbo iyi yakanga isiri chikamu chimwe chete chekuvakwa; Stonehenge yakachinja-chinja uye yakawedzerwa kwemazana emakore.
Kuverenga nguva yeRadiocarbon kunoratidza kuti mabasa panzvimbo iyi akatanga kunenge muna 3000 BC, apo gomba rakatenderera nedombo revhu zvakagadzirwa. Zvivako zvematombo zvikuru zvinozivikanwa zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakaiswa padanho rakazotevera, kunenge muna 2500 BC, kunyange hazvo maitiro aya asina kuitika panguva imwe chete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Stonehenge yaive chirongwa chenguva refu chaisanganisira zvizvarwa zvakati wandei.
Sei Stonehenge iri Chakavanzika?
Chakavanzika cheStonehenge chinobva mukubatanidzwa kwezvinhu: kushaikwa kwezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa kubva panguva iyoyo, kukura kwebasa racho, uye madaro akatakurwa matombo. Hatina "magwaro epurojekiti" ekare anotsanangura chinangwa uye nzira dzekuvaka. Chinongosara humbowo hwezvakacherwa mumatongo—maburi, zvisaririra zvematombo, zvidimbu zvemapfupa, zviratidzo zvekugara, uye mapatani ekutarisa kwezvivakwa maererano nekufamba kwezuva.
Mibvunzo yakawanda ichiri kukakavadzana: Stonehenge yaive tembere here? Nzvimbo yekuongorora zvemuchadenga? Nzvimbo yekuvigwa yepamusoro-soro? Nzvimbo yekuporeswa? Kana kuti musanganiswa wezvose zvitatu?
Dzidziso 1: Zviitiko zvekuongorora nyeredzi nemakarenda etsika
Imwe yedzidziso dzakakurumbira ndeyekuti Stonehenge yakashanda senzvimbo yekuongorora nyeredzi, kunyanya maererano nekufamba kwezuva. Kutarisa kwaStonehenge kunoratidza kuti zuva rinobuda panguva yekupisa kwezuva uye kunyura panguva yekupisa kwezuva munguva yechando. Kutarisa uku hakusi kungoerekana kwaitika: kuvaka zvivakwa zvinoenderana nezviitiko zvenyeredzi kwaida kudzokororwa kwekutarisa uye ruzivo rwekugara nhaka.
Zvisinei, kudana Stonehenge kuti "observatory" mupfungwa yemazuva ano kunotsausa. Basa rayo ringangodaro raive retsika uye rekufananidzira kupfuura resainzi. Solstices yakaita basa rakakosha munharaunda dzekurima, ichiratidza shanduko yemwaka, nguva yekudyara nekukohwa, uye ichishanda senguva dzekupemberera dzakasimbisa hukama hwevanhu.
Dzidziso 2: Nzvimbo Dzekuvigwa Nezvivakwa zveMadzitateguru
Humbowo hwezvakacherwa mumatongo hunoratidza kuti paiva nekuvigwa kwezvitunha zvakapiswa pedyo neStonehenge, kunyanya pakutanga kwayo. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nepfungwa yekuti Stonehenge yaive nzvimbo yakakosha yekuvigwa, pamwe yemunhu kana boka revanhu vakapfuma. Mutsika dzakawanda, zvivakwa zvikuru zvinowanzobatanidzwa nekukudza madzitateguru, kusimbisa nzvimbo, kana kusimbisa kuvimbika kwemutungamiriri.
Kana Stonehenge ichibatanidzwa zvechokwadi nekuvigwa, saka matombo makuru anogona kuonekwa se "zviyeuchidzo zvekurangarira" zvinoratidza nzvimbo tsvene - nzvimbo dzekunamata dzaive dzakakosha kune nharaunda yakakura. Kuvapo kwenzira dzekufamba netsoka nezvimwe zvivakwa munzvimbo yakapoteredza kunosimbisa pfungwa yekuti Stonehenge haina kumira yoga asi yaive chikamu chesangano retsika.
Dzidziso 3: Nzvimbo dzeKuporesa uye "Nzvimbo dzeKushanyira"
Imwe dzidziso inonakidza inoratidza kuti Stonehenge yaive nzvimbo yekuporesa. Pfungwa iyi inobva pakuwanikwa kwemafupa evanhu munzvimbo iyi vachiratidza zviratidzo zvekukuvara kana kurwara. Uyezve, matombo ebhuruu ekuWales aifungidzirwa kuti ane simba rakakosha mungano, zvichiita kuti pave nefungidziro yekuti matombo aya akasarudzwa kwete nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwawo chete asi nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hwekufananidzira kana hwemweya.
Mukati mehurongwa uhwu, Stonehenge ingangodaro yaiva nzvimbo yekuenda kuchechi. Vanhu vaifamba nzendo refu kuti vatore chikamu mumitambo yekurapa, kunamata, kana kutsvaga makomborero pane dzimwe nguva dzegore—kunyanya panguva dzemitambo tsvene.
Dzidziso 4: Zviratidzo zveKubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye Mapurojekiti eVabatanidzwa
Kunewo maonero ekuti Stonehenge yaive chirongwa chinoratidza kubatana kwevanhu nevezvematongerwo enyika. Kuvaka chiyeuchidzo chehukuru hwakadai kwaida kurongeka, vashandi vakawanda, mafambiro ezvekufambisa zvinhu, uye kugona kuunganidza zviwanikwa. Izvi zvakaoma kuita kana nzanga yapatsanuka. Nokudaro, vamwe vaongorori vanoona Stonehenge sechiratidzo chekubatana—“chirongwa chenyika” chekare chaibatanidza mapoka kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Kuvapo kwematombo ebhuruu kubva kuWales kunogona kududzirwa sechiratidzo chekubatana kwematunhu. Kuunza matombo kubva kure kwaisangova dambudziko rehunyanzvi chete, asiwo chirevo: kwaive nemataundi ekuchinjana, kushandira pamwe, kana kutotonga munharaunda zvakaita kuti chirongwa ichi chikwanisike.
Stonehenge Yakavakwa Sei? Dzidziso dzeUinjiniya
Kunze kwekuti "sei," mubvunzo wekuti "sei" wakakonzerawo dzidziso dzakawanda. Matombo makuru eSarsen anogona kurema matani angangoita 20-30, kana kutopfuura. Pasina michina yemazuva ano, kuafambisa kwaizova dambudziko guru.
1. Kutakura Matombo Uchishandisa Matanda Nemasiraidhi Emapuranga
Dzidziso dzekare dzinoti matombo aya aifambiswa achishandisa matanda ehuni semaroller, kana kushandisa sledges dzaidhonzwa nevanhu vazhinji. Pasi panogona kunge pakanyoroveswa kana kuiswa mafuta echisikigo kuti pave nekutsvedza. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiita sezviri nyore, nzira iyi inogoneka nekuti yaisada tekinoroji yepamusoro yesimbi.
2. Nzira dzemvura uye kutakurwa kweBluestones kubva kuWales
Kune matombo ebhuruu, nzira yepasi pevhu yemazana emakiromita yairatidzika kunge isingaite, saka pfungwa yekushandisa nzira dzerwizi negungwa yakamuka. Matombo aigona kutakurwa pazvikepe, kumahombekombe, uye obva apinda munzizi dziri pedyo neSalisbury. Kunyange zvazvo zvine njodzi, kutakura vanhu mumvura kunowanzo shanda zvakanaka pakutakura zvinhu zvinorema.
Panewo fungidziro yekuti mamwe matombo akatakurwa nechando munguva yeIce Age ndokuzoshandiswa. Zvisinei, vaongorori vazhinji vanoona humbowo hwechiitiko ichi sehunokakavadzana, sezvo kupararira kwematombo akafanana kusingatsigire zvizere.
3. Kusimudza Matombo Nezvikumbaridzo zveIvhu Netambo
Kuti vamise dombo rakamira, gomba rakadzika renheyo ringangodaro rakacherwa, rozotsveyamiswa panzvimbo yaro vachishandisa tambo, zvisungo, nechikwata chevadhonzi. Dombo parakanga raiswa panzvimbo yaro, gomba racho raizadzwa nevhu nematombo madiki kuti rigadzikane. Kuti vaise dombo repamusoro (crossstone) pamusoro, vangangodaro vakavaka rusvingo rwevhu kana kuti rusvingo rwekukwira dombo, vozoendesa dombo racho pamusoro paro.
Zvinofadza kuti, mamwe matombo ari paStonehenge ane majoini akafanana nehunyanzvi hwekuveza hwe mortise-and-tenon. Izvi zvinoratidza kunzwisisa kwepamusoro-soro kweinjiniya—havana kungounganidza matombo chete, asi vakagadzira nzira yekuti akwanise kubatana.
Ndiani Muvaki?
Ngano yakambobatanidza Stonehenge nemuroyi Merlin kana kuti rudzi rwemahofori. Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo dzemazuva ano dzinoratidza kuti kune nzanga yeNeolithic kusvika Early Bronze Age muBritain. Vaisava "vekare" mupfungwa yevanhu; vaive neruzivo rwenzvimbo, tsika dzakaoma dzetsika, masocial network akakura, uye hunyanzvi hwakasimba hwekuronga.
Misha yakaita seDurrington Walls iri pedyo inoratidza kuti misha yakakura yaimboungana panguva dzakasiyana-siyana. Stonehenge ingangodaro yaiva nzvimbo yemhemberero, nepo nzvimbo yakapoteredza yaitsigira zviitiko zvakawanda zvevanhu—mabiko, kuungana, kutengeserana, uye tsika.
Mhedziso: Chakavanzika Chipenyu
Stonehenge ichiri chakavanzika kwete nekuti hatizivi nezvayo, asi nekuti chifananidzo ichi chingangove chakabatsira pakuvaka nekushandisa zvinhu zvakawanda. Chingangodaro chaive nzvimbo yetsika dzemitambo yezuva nezuva, nhandare yemudungwe, nzvimbo yekuviga, chiratidzo chekubatana, uye nzvimbo yekunamata inobatanidza nharaunda munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Chinoita kuti Stonehenge inyanye kukwezva kugona kwayo "kutaura" nezvekare pasina mazwi. Dzidziso yega yega pamusoro pekuvakwa kwayo—ingave nezve matekiniki anoshandiswa kutakura matombo kana zvinangwa zvavo zvetsika—kuyedza kwemazuva ano kunzwisisa pfungwa nezvitendero zvevanhu vekare. Uye nekuda kwekuti ichiripo, Stonehenge inoramba ichikoka kutsvagurudza kutsva, dudziro itsva, uye pfungwa yekushamisika isingaperi.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuti chive chedzidzo yepamusoro (nemisoro midiki yedzidzo uye maitiro epamutemo), kana kuti chive chakakurumbira (nyaya uye mutambo), uye kuwedzera runyorwa rwezvinyorwa zvekuverenga.
