Kubuda uye Kukura kwechiJudha
ChiJudha chimwe chetsika dzechitendero dzekare kwazvo pasi rose, uye chinoramba chichikura. Chiripo kwete senzira yekutenda chete asiwo senzira yekubudirira: kusanganisa chitendero, mutemo, tsika, uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vose. Kubuda nekukura kwechiJudha kwakaitika kuburikidza nemaitiro marefu akakanganiswa nezvakaitika kare zvevaIsraeri, mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika eAncient Near East, uye tsika yakasimba yepfungwa. Kuti tinzwisise mavambo nekukura kwechiJudha, tinofanira kutevedzera matanho acho enhoroondo kubva panguva yemadzitateguru, kuburikidza neumambo, kuburikidza nekutapwa, uye kusvika munguva yemazuva ano.
Midzi Yekubuda: Madzitateguru neZvibvumirano
Mutsika dzechiJudha, midzi yechiJudha inodzokera kumashure kumadzitateguru Abrahama, Isaka, naJakobho. Munhu mukuru ndiAbrahama, anoonekwa semunhu wekutanga kupinda muchibvumirano naMwari. Chibvumirano ichi ipfungwa huru mukutenda kwechiJudha: hukama hwakakosha pakati paMwari nenharaunda yakasarudzwa kuti iite kuda kwake. Nyaya iyi inosimbisa chitendero muna Mwari mumwe chete—kutenda muna Mwari mumwe chete—sehunhu hwakasimba hunosiyanisa nenzanga yakapoteredza, inonyanya kunamata vanamwari vakawanda.
Chibvumirano ichi chakanga chisina kungoitika pamweya chete asiwo chaive nemigumisiro yetsika nemagariro evanhu. Kuzivikanwa kwerudzi rwevaIsraeri kwakatanga kuumbwa kwete chete kuburikidza nehukama hweropa, asi kuburikidza nehukama hwechitendero uye kuzvipira kumutemo waMwari. Pakutanga uku, tsika dzaitaurwa nemuromo dzaive dzakanyanya, uye kunamata kwaive kwakanangana netsika dzemhuri nedzekareruka.
Mosesi neMutemo: Hwaro hweChitendero
Danho rinotevera rinokosha inguva yaMosesi, uyo, maererano netsika, akatungamirira vaIsraeri kubuda muIjipita (Kubuda). Kubuda kwacho kwakava nyaya inokosha yekusunungurwa mukurangarira kwevaJudha vose, inopembererwa panguva yePaseka (Pesach). Vari munzira kuenda kuKanani, Mosesi akagamuchira Torah paGomo reSinai. Torah—inowanzoreva mabhuku mashanu ekutanga eBhaibheri rechiHebheru—ndiyo inoumba hwaro hukuru hwekutenda kwevaJudha nemutemo.
Apa ndipo panotanga kubuda chiJudha senzira yakarongeka. Torah haingotungamiriri kunamata kwetsika chete asiwo mitemo yemagariro evanhu, yehupfumi, uye yetsika: kubva pamaitiro ekunamata nemitemo yezvekudya (kashrut), Sabata, kusvika kumitemo yeruramisiro. Saka, kubva pakutanga, chiJudha chakaisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva sechikamu chekuzvipira kwacho kuna Mwari.
Nguva yeUmambo hweIsraeri uye Kubatanidzwa kweKunamata
Mushure mekukundwa nekugadzwa kwenharaunda muKenani, vaIsraeri vakapinda munguva yeumambo. Umambo hweIsraeri hwakasvika pakakwirira panguva yekutonga kwaDhavhidhi naSoromoni. Dhavhidhi akasimbisa Jerusarema senzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika, ukuwo Soromoni akavaka Tembere Yekutanga muJerusarema. Kuvakwa kweTembere kwakaratidza kuiswa kwekunamata pakati: mitambo yezvibayiro nemitambo mikuru zvakava pakati penyika, uye sangano revapristi (kohanim) rakatora basa guru.
Zvisinei, nguva yeumambo yakanga yakaratidzwawo nekukakavadzana kwemukati nekutyisidzira kwekunze. Mushure maSoromoni, umambo hwakakamurwa kuita Israeri kuchamhembe neJudha kuchamhembe. Kukakavadzana uku kwakakonzera tsika dzakasiyana-siyana uye kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, vaprofita (vakadai saIsaya, Jeremia, naAmosi) vakabuda sevanhu vane tsika, vachitsoropodza kutsauka kwevanhu uye kusaruramisira. Uprofita hwavo hwakasimbisa tsika dzechiJudha: kuti kuvimbika kuna Mwari kunofanira kuratidzwa mukururamisira uye kuva nehanya nevasina simba.
Kutapwa uye Kuchinja: Kubva paTemberi kuenda kuMagwaro neNharaunda
Chiitiko chakakosha zvikuru mukukura kwechiJudha kwaiva kuparadzwa kweTemberi. Umambo hwekuchamhembe hweIsraeri hwakakundwa nevaAsiriya (722 BC), uye umambo hweJudha hwakazokundwa nevaBhabhironi (586 BC). Temberi yekutanga yakaparadzwa, uye vazhinji vevagari vakatapwa kuBhabhironi. Nguva iyi yekutapwa yakachinja zvikuru chitarisiko chechiJudha.
Pasina Tembere, tsika dzechitendero dzakanga dzisisakwanise kuvimba nezvibayiro netsika dzepakati. Pane kudaro, tsika dzemagwaro, minamato, nekudzidzisa dzakaramba dzichisimbiswa. Panguva iyi ndipo pakawedzerawo kuunganidzwa, kugadziriswa, uye kusimbiswa kwetsika dzakawanda dzakanyorwa. Kuzivikanwa kwechiJudha kwakava kwakasimba mumutemo, magwaro matsvene, uye nharaunda yakapona kuparara. Kubuda kwemaitiro ekunamata ayo akazobatanidzwa nesinagogi (imba yemisangano/yekunamatira) kwakabva pakudiwa kwekuchengetedza kutenda pasina nzvimbo yepakati yetsika muJerusarema.
VaPersia pavakakunda Bhabhironi, Mambo Koreshi (Koreshi) akabvumira vamwe vaJudha kudzoka kuzovaka Tembere Yechipiri kunopera kwezana remakore rechitanhatu BCE. Pasinei nekudzorerwa kwenzvimbo yekunamatira, ruzivo rwekutapwa rwakasiya nhaka inokosha: chiJudha chakanga chava nemweya wekutsungirira, waikwanisa kurarama mudiaspora.
Nguva yeTembere Yechipiri: Kusiyana-siyana kweMapoka uye Pesvedzero Dzekunze
Munguva yeTembere Yechipiri, dunhu reJudha rakasangana nepesvedzero dzakasiyana-siyana: Persian, Greek (Greekism), uye gare gare Roman. Kudyidzana uku kwakaita kuti pave nekuchinjana kwakaoma kwemagariro evanhu nechitendero. Mapoka akati wandei akabuda aine kusimbiswa kwakasiyana-siyana, senge vaFarisi, vaSadhusi, nevaEssenes. Vamwe vakasimbisa mutemo wemuromo nedudziro yawo inoshanduka, nepo vamwe vachisimbisa simba revapristi netsika dzeTembere.
Kupesvedzera kwetsika dzechiGiriki kwakakurudzirawo gakava pamusoro pekuzivikanwa uye tsika. Dzimwe nzanga dzakagamuchira zvinhu zvetsika dzekunze, nepo dzimwe dzakazviramba kuitira kuchengetedza kuchena kwetsika. Kusawirirana uku kwakasvika pakakwirira mukumukira kweMaccabean nenguva yeHasmonean. Munguva iyi, mabhuku echiJudha akabudirirawo: kwete zvinyorwa zvemutemo chete, asiwo uchenjeri, uprofita hwekupedzisira, uye mabasa ekududzira.
Kuparadzwa kweTembere Yechipiri uye Kuberekwa kwechiJudha chevanaRabhi
Chinjo inotevera yakaitika muna 70 CE apo maRoma akaparadza Tembere Yechipiri mushure mekumukira kwevaJudha. Kurasikirwa kwechipiri kwenzvimbo huru yekunamatira kwakamanikidza shanduko huru. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti chiJudha cheRabhi chibude, chimiro chachinonyanya kukosha nanhasi.
VanaRabhi (vadzidzisi vemutemo) vakatsiva basa guru remupristi. Kunamata kwainyanya kukoshesa kunamata, kudzidza Torah, uye kuita mutemo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Mutemo waitaurwa wakanyorwa muMishnah (c. kutanga kwezana remakore rechitatu CE) uye gare gare wakawedzerwa muGemara, zvichiumba Talmud (Jerusarema neBhabhironi). Tsika dzevanaRabhi dzaisimbisa kududzira nekukurukura: mutemo wainzwisiswa sechinhu chinofanira kudzidzwa, kukurukurwa, uye kushandiswa maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Masinagoge aishanda senzvimbo dzehupenyu hwevanhu vose: nzvimbo dzekunamatira, dzidzo, uye kubatana munharaunda. Chimiro ichi chaigonesa maJuda kurarama munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzevatorwa—kubva kuMiddle East neNorth Africa kusvika kuEurope—pasinei nekusarurwa nekudzingwa kwaiwanzoitwa.
Kusvika kuMiddle Ages: Diaspora, Intellectualism, uye Kuvandudzwa
MuMiddle Ages, nzanga dzechiJudha dzakabudirira munzvimbo mbiri huru: nyika yeIslam nenyika yechiKristu. Munyika yeIslam, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzechiJudha dzakabatsira muuzivi, sainzi, nemutauro, dzakadai saMaimonides, uyo akanyora mabhuku akakosha pamusoro pemutemo nedzidziso yezvechitendero. MuEurope, nzanga dzechiJudha dzakagadzira tsika yakasimba yekudzidza Talmud, asi dzakasanganawo nekumanikidzwa kwemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda nekudzingwa.
Mukati menguva yazvino, sangano reHaskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) rakatanga, richikurudzira dzidzo yenyika uye kubatana kwevanhu. Kufambira mberi uku kwakaita kuti pave nemachechi akasiyana-siyana: maJuda eOrthodox, avo vairamba vachiita tsika dzechivanhu, maJuda eReform, avo vaisimbisa kuvandudzwa kwechitendero uye kugadziriswa kuti zvienderane nemazuva ano, uye maJuda eConservative, avo vakatora chinzvimbo pakati. Muzana remakore rechi20, Holocaust yakava chiitiko chikuru chinotyisa munhoroondo yevaJudha vemazuva ano, panguva imwe chete ichichinja mamiriro evanhu nepfungwa dzenharaunda yevaJudha yepasi rose.
Kugadzwa kweNyika yeIsrael muna 1948 kwaivewo chinhu chakakosha mukukura kwehunhu hwechiJudha hwemazuva ano. Zvisinei, hunhu hwechiJudha hwemazuva ano hunoramba hwakasiyana: humwe hunosimbisa chikamu chechitendero, humwe hune tsika kana dzinza, uye humwe hunosanganisa zviviri izvi.
Penutup
Kubuda nekukura kwechiJudha kunoratidza rwendo rurefu rwetsika inoramba ichichinja pasina kurasikirwa nezvitendero zvayo zvikuru. Kubva pachibvumirano chemadzitateguru, kupa Torah, kuisa Tembere pakati, kuparadzwa kwayo nekudzingwa, kusvika pakubuda kwetsika dzevanarabhi nekusiyana-siyana kwemazuva ano, chiJudha chakapona kuburikidza nesimba remagwaro, nzanga, uye tsika dzinopfuura nguva nenzvimbo. chiJudha hachisi nyaya yenguva yakapfuura chete, asiwo nezvekuti nharaunda inochengetedza sei hunhu hwayo, kutenda, uye tsika munyika iri kuchinja.
