Te Whakamāramatanga o ngā Pakihi Tūmataiti (BUMS)
Pendahuluan
He wāhanga nui ngā Pakihi Tūmataiti (BUMS) o te ōhanga o tētahi whenua, tae atu ki a Indonesia. Ko ngā BUMS he kamupene kei raro i te mana o ngā rōpū tūmataiti te pūtea, takitahi, rōpū rānei. I te taha ōhanga, he mahi nui tā ngā BUMS ki te waihanga mahi, ki te akiaki i te ōhanga, me te whai wāhi ki te tipu o te Hua ā-Rohe Katoa (GDP).
Hītori me te Whanaketanga o ngā BUMS i Initonīhia
Ko te hītori o ngā umanga kāwanatanga (BUMS) i Indonesia ka taea te whai i ngā take mai i te wā koroni, i te wā i whakahaerehia ai e ngā kamupene tūmataiti, te nuinga nō ngā Tatimana, ngā rāngai matua pērā i ngā māra, te hokohoko, me te ahumahi. Whai muri i te mana motuhake, ka tīmata te kāwanatanga o Indonesia ki te whakamotuhake i ētahi kamupene rautaki nō tāwāhi. Heoi, kei te whai wāhi nui tonu te rāngai tūmataiti, ā, kei te tipu haere tonu i runga i ngā kaupapa here ōhanga e huri haere ana.
I te wā o te Ota Hou, i whakatenatena te kāwanatanga i te haumi tūmataiti mā roto i āna kaupapa here ōhanga. Nā te mōhiotanga ki te tūranga nui o te rāngai tūmataiti ki te akiaki i te tipu ōhanga ā -motu i ārahi tēnei. I roto i tēnei wā, i kite tātou i te pikinga ake o ngā hinonga kāwanatanga (SOE) i roto i ngā momo rāngai, pērā i te hanga, te peeke, me ngā ratonga.
Ngā Āhuatanga o ngā BUMS
Haunga te mea kei te rāngai tūmataiti katoa ngā BUMS, he āhuatanga motuhake anō hoki ō rātou e wehewehe ana i a rātou i ētahi atu momo hinonga pakihi, pērā i ngā Hinonga Kāwanatanga (BUMN). Anei ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā BUMS:
1. Te Mana Pupuri: Ko ngā pūtea katoa i roto i tētahi BUMS i ahu mai i ngā tāngata takitahi, i ngā rōpū rānei. Ka whai wāhi tika, ka whai wāhi ā-kore rānei ngā rangatira ki te whakahaere me te whakatau kaupapa a te kamupene.
2. Whāinga Matua: He arotahi ngā BUMS ki te hua. Ko ngā hua ka whiwhihia ka tohaina ki ngā kaipupuri moni hei utu wehewehe, ka whakangaohia anō rānei ki te pakihi hei tipu me te whakawhānui ake.
3. Ngāwari o te Whakahaere: Nā te mea kāore rātou i te herea e ngā ture kāwanatanga tino kaha, he ngāwari ake te whakatau pakihi a ngā BUMS. Mā tēnei ka taea e rātou te urutau wawe ki ngā huringa o te mākete me ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko.
4. Te Mana Motuhake o te Whakahaere: Ka whakahaerehia motuhaketia te whakahaere BUMS e te rangatira me/ranei e te kaiwhakahaere kua tohua. Ko rātou te kawenga tika mō te angitu, te kore rānei o te pakihi.
Te Tūranga me te Mahi a ngā BUMS i roto i te Ōhanga
He mahi nui tā ngā BUMS ki te tautoko i te ōhanga o tētahi whenua . Anei ētahi o ā rātou mahi rautaki:
1. Kaiwhakarato Mahi: Ko BUMS tētahi o ngā kaiwhakarato mahi nui rawa atu i roto i te rāngai tūmataiti. Mā te waihanga i ngā momo whai wāhitanga mahi, ka āwhina a BUMS ki te whakaiti i te kore mahi me te whakapai ake i te oranga o te hapori.
2. Te takoha ki te GDP: He nui te takoha a ngā BUMS ki te GDP ā-motu mā roto i ngā mahi ōhanga maha pēnei i te whakaputa taonga me ngā ratonga, te haumi, me ngā kaweake.
3. Ngā Kaiutu Taake: He nui te takoha a ngā BUMS ki te moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga mā roto i ngā utu taake. He mea nui tēnei puna moni whiwhi mā te kāwanatanga hei putea i ngā whanaketanga me ngā ratonga tūmatanui.
4. Auahatanga me te Whakataetae: Mā te whakataetae i waenga i ngā BUMS (Ngā Hinonga Kāwanatanga) ka piki ake te auahatanga me te whai huatanga. Ka akiakihia tēnei i te waihangatanga o ngā hua me ngā ratonga pai ake, ā, ka piki ake te whakataetae o te ōhanga ā-motu i te mākete o te ao.
Ngā Wero e Pā Ana ki ngā BUMS
Ahakoa te whai wāhi nui o ngā BUMS ki te ōhanga, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki ēnei, tae atu ki:
1. Te Āhuarangi Pakihi me ngā Ture: Ka taea e ngā huringa ture kore e taea te matapae me te āhuarangi pakihi kino te whakararu i ngā mahi a ngā BUMS. He maha ngā wā ka puta he mōrearea nui mō ngā kaipupuri moni nā tēnei āwangawanga.
2. Te Whakataetae Ao: E whakataetae ana ngā BUMS ehara i te mea ko ngā kamupene o te rohe anake engari ko ngā kamupene o tāwāhi hoki he nui ake ā rātou rauemi. Nā tēnei, me whakapai tonu ngā BUMS i te kounga me te whai huatanga.
3. Te Uru ki te Pūtea: Ahakoa he ngāwari te uru atu a ētahi BUMS nui ki ngā pūtake pūtea, he maha tonu ngā pakihi iti me te rahi e pāngia ana e ngā uauatanga ki te whiwhi pūtea mō te whanaketanga pakihi.
4. Te Whakawhanaketanga Rauemi Tangata: Me haere tonu ngā BUMS ki te haumi ki te whakawhanaketanga rauemi tangata kia taea ai e rātou te whakataetae i roto i te mākete mahi e piki haere ana te whakataetae.
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā ngā Pakihi Tūmataiti (SOE) ki te whakatairanga i te ōhanga o Initonīhia. Hei kaiārahi matua o te rāngai tūmataiti, ka waihangahia e ngā SOE ngā mahi, ka whai wāhi ki te GDP, ka whakatairanga hoki i te auahatanga. Ahakoa ngā wero maha e pā ana ki a rātou, kāore e taea te wareware i te tūranga rautaki a ngā SOE i roto i te ōhanga. Kia tipu tonu ai, me aro atu ngā SOE ki ēnei wero me te urutau ki ngā huringa tonu o te ōhanga o te ao. He mea nui hoki te tautoko a te kāwanatanga i roto i te ahua o ngā ture tautoko me te āhuarangi pakihi pai kia pai ai te whai wāhi a ngā SOE ki te whanaketanga o te motu.
