Ngā Organelle: Ngā Kaitiaki o te Tikanga Pūtau
Ko ngā mea ora, mai i ngā mea ririki pēnei i te huakita ki ngā mea tino uaua pēnei i te tangata, he mea tito mai i ngā waeine taketake o te ora e mōhiotia ana ko ngā pūtau. Ahakoa he maha ngā āhua me ngā rahi o ngā pūtau, he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga e āhei ai rātou ki te mahi me te ora. Ko tētahi o ēnei huānga nui ko te whekau, he hanganga motuhake i roto i te pūtau e mahi ana i ngā mahi motuhake e tika ana mō te oranga o te pūtau.
He aha te Organelle?
Ko ngā okana he hanganga angaanga i roto i ngā pūtau, he mahi motuhake tā ia okana. He rite ā rātou mahi ki ngā okana ririki (nō reira te ingoa "okana"), ā, e kiia ana he wāhanga nui o te hanganga pūtau eukaryotic. Pērā i te mahi a ngā okana i roto i te tinana tangata i ngā mahi motuhake, he mahi motuhake tā ia okana.
Ngā momo orokaramu
Anei ētahi o ngā whekau matua e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic tangata me ā rātou mahi:
1. Pūtake: E mōhiotia ana ko te pokapū whakahaere o te pūtau, ka rongoa e te pūtake ngā rauemi ira i roto i te ahua o te DNA. Ko te mahi matua o te pūtake ko te whakahaere i te tipu o te pūtau, te pākia o te pūtau, me te whakaputa uri mā te rongoa me te tārua i ngā mōhiohio ira. Ko tētahi atu wāhanga nui o te pūtake ko te pūtake, te kawenga mō te hanga ribosome.
2. Mitochondria: E kiia ana ko ngā "pūnaha hiko o te pūtau," ko ngā mitochondria te wāhi o te manawa pūtau me te whakaputanga o te ATP (adenosine triphosphate), te ngota pūngao matua e whakamahia ana e ngā pūtau. Kei roto i a rātou ō rātou ake DNA, ā, e whakaarohia ana i ahu mai i tētahi tūpuna endosymbiotic o ngā huakita onamata.
3. Reticulum Endoplasmic (ER): Ko te ER he whatunga o ngā kiriuhi e uru ana ki te hanga pūmua me te ngako. E rua ngā momo ER, arā:
– ER taratara: Kapihia e ngā ribosome, ā, he mea nui tana mahi ki te hanga pūmua.
– ER Māeneene: Kāore he ribosome, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki te hanga lipid me te tango i ngā matū paitini.
4. Pūrere Golgi: He kawenga mō te whakarerekē, te whakarōpū, me te tākai i ngā pūmua me ngā ngako hei tukunga mai i te pūtau, hei tuku rānei ki ētahi atu wāhi i roto i te pūtau.
5. Ngā Lysosomes: Kei roto ngā whākōkī nakunaku e wawahi ana i ngā macromolecules kia iti ake ngā wāhanga, ā, ka hangarua anō hoki ngā rauemi pūtau kua tawhito.
6. Ngā Peroxisome: He mahi nui tā rātou i roto i te pākia o te waikawa ngako me te tango i ngā paitini. Ka whakaputa, ka wawahi hoki ēnei okana i te peroxide, he hua kino pea o te pākia o te pūtau.
7. Ngā Ribosome: Ahakoa kāore i te kiia he whekau tūturu nā te mea kāore i te karapotia e te kiriuhi, he mīhini ngota ngā ribosome e mahi ana i te hanga pūmua mā te hono i ngā waikawa amino i te raupapa i tohutohuhia e te RNA.
8. Ngā Koroporoporo: Kei roto anake i ngā pūtau tipu me ngā pūtau rimurimu ēnei whekau, ā, ko rātou te kawenga mō te whakaahua-whakaahua, te huri i te pūngao mārama hei pūngao matū i roto i te ahua o te hukahuka. Kei roto i a rātou he tae matomato e kiia nei ko te koroporoporo.
9. Ngā Vacuole: He pēke rokiroki ēnei e pupuri ana i te wai, i ngā matūkai, i ngā para rānei. I roto i ngā pūtau tipu, ka taea e te vacuole pokapū te whakahaere i te nuinga o te rōrahi o te pūtau, ā, he mahi nui tāna ki te pupuri i te pēhanga turgor.
Te Mahi me te Hiranga o ngā Organelles
He tata te hononga o ngā mahi a ia whekau, ka hangaia he whatunga pūnaha e āhei ai ngā pūtau ki te ora me te whakaputa uri. Mā ngā whekau ka taea ngā tukanga uaua pērā i te pākia o te tinana, te hanga koiora, te tukatuka me te tākai i ngā ngota ngota, me te wehenga pūtau.
Hei tauira, ko ngā pūmua i hangaia e ngā ribosome i roto i te ER taratara ka whakarerekētia i roto i te taputapu Golgi. Kātahi ka taea te tohatoha i ēnei pūmua ki ētahi atu wāhi o te pūtau, ka tukuna atu rānei. Ka whakaratohia e ngā mitochondria te pūngao e tika ana mō ngā tukanga pākia katoa, ko ngā lysosomes ia ka hangarua i ngā wāhanga para o te pūtau, kia pai ai te whai hua me te penapena o te pūtau.
Te Whanaketanga o ngā Organelles
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā tino whakaaetia hei whakamārama i te takenga mai o ngā whekau ko te ariā endosymbiotic, i whakatakotoria tuatahitia e Lynn Margulis i te tau 1967. E kī ana tēnei ariā i ahu mai ētahi whekau, inā koa ngā mitochondria me ngā chloroplast, i ngā huakita tawhito i uru ki tētahi whanaungatanga symbiotic me ngā pūtau eukaryotic o mua.
E ai ki tēnei ariā, i horomia e te pūtau eukaryotic taketake ngā huakita aerobic (mō ngā mitochondria) ngā huakita photosynthetic rānei (mō ngā chloroplast). Engari i te nakunaku i ēnei huakita, i whakaratohia e te pūtau manaaki he taiao pumau, ko ngā huakita ia i whakarato i ngā painga pākia. I roto i ngā miriona tau o tēnei noho tahi, ka noho ēnei huakita hei wāhanga rauropi o te pūtau, ā, ka whanake hei ngā whekau e mōhiotia ana e tātou i ēnei rā.
Rangahau Hou me ngā Organelles
Nā te rangahau i ngā whekau i whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te koiora pūtau, engari kua arahi hoki ki ngā whanaketanga nui i roto i te hauora me te hangarau koiora. Hei tauira, nā te rangahau mō te ngoikore o te mahi mitochondrial kua homai he māramatanga ki ngā mate pirau me ngā mate pākia o te pūnaha io, tae atu ki te mate huka me te mate manawa.
I taua wā tonu, nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau koiora kua taea e ngā kairangahau te whakahaere i ngā whekau me te whakarerekē i ngā taumata mahi hei whakarei ake i te hanga rauemi koiora pēnei i ngā whākōkī me ngā pūmua rongoā.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā whekau o te ora pūtau, e tautoko ana i ngā mahi nui i roto i ngā rauropi. Mā te mārama ki tā rātou mahi me te whanaketanga ka kitea he māramatanga hohonu ki ngā whanaketanga o te ora i te taumata ngota. Kei te whai wāhi nui tonu te rangahau whekau i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hauora me te koiora, e whakatakoto ana i te turanga mō ngā maimoatanga ārai me te rongoā ā muri ake nei. Ehara i te mea ko te ako me te mārama ki ngā whekau anake te whāngai i tō tātou hiahia pūtaiao engari ka whakarei ake hoki i tō tātou kaha ki te whakapai ake me te whakarei ake i te hauora o te tangata.
