Te Ariā mai i te Prokaryotic ki te Eukaryotic: Te Whanaketanga o te Uauatanga Pūtau
Pendahuluan
Ko te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te Ao tētahi o ngā mea ngaro tino whakamīharo kua kukume i ngā kaipūtaiao mō ngā rautau. Ko ngā rōpū matua e rua o ngā rauropi, arā, ko ngā prokaryote me ngā eukaryote, e tohu ana i tētahi o ngā taahiraa whanaketanga tino nui. Ko ngā prokaryote, tae atu ki ngā huakita me ngā archaea, he rauropi pūtau-kotahi māmā kua noho mō ngā piriona tau. He rerekē, ko ngā eukaryote—tae atu ki ngā protists, ngā harore, ngā tipu, me ngā kararehe—he pūtau uaua ake te hanganga. Heoi, ko te āhua o te nekehanga mai i ngā pūtau prokaryotic māmā ki ngā pūtau eukaryotic uaua he kaupapa rangahau nui tonu me te tautohetohe. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā matua e whakamārama ana i te whanaketanga mai i ngā prokaryote ki ngā eukaryote.
Te Pūtake o te Ora Pūtau
I ngā piriona tau ki muri, he tino rerekē te ao i tōna āhua o nāianei. Kāore i te kitea he hāora i roto i te āhuarangi, ā, kāore anō kia puta he ora pūtau. Ko te oranga tuatahi pea i puta mai i te āhua o ngā pūtau prokaryotic i te 3,5 ki te 4 piriona tau ki muri. Ko ēnei prokaryote ngā tūpuna o ngā mea ora katoa e mōhiotia ana i nāianei. I tupu pai rātou i roto i ngā āhuatanga taiao tino kino, e whakaatu ana i te ngāwari whakamiharo. Heoi, ko te whakawhiti mai i ngā rauropi prokaryotic māmā, kotahi-pūtau ki ngā rauropi eukaryotic uaua ake i hiahiatia he huringa nui ki te hanganga me te mahi pūtau.
Te Whakaaro mō te Endosymbiosis
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā e tino whakaaetia ana mō te whanaketanga o ngā pūtau eukaryotic ko te ariā endosymbiotic, i whakatakotoria tuatahitia e te kaipūtaiao o Amerika a Lynn Margulis i te tau 1967. E ai ki tēnei ariā, ko ngā whekau nui i roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic, pērā i ngā mitochondria me ngā chloroplast, i ahu mai hei huakita prokaryotic ora-kore i hanga he whanaungatanga symbiotic me tētahi pūtau manaaki nui ake, tōmua.
1. Mitochondria: E whakaponohia ana i horomia e ngā tūpuna o ngā pūtau eukaryotic ngā huakita aerobic, ā, i taea e rātou te whakamahi i te hāora hei whakaputa pūngao mā te manawa. Engari i te nakunaku i ēnei huakita, i whakatūria e te pūtau manaaki he whanaungatanga whai hua mō tetahi ki tetahi. I whakaratohia e ngā huakita aerobic he puna pūngao whai hua ake, i te mea i whakaratohia e te pūtau manaaki te tiaki me ngā matūkai. I roto i te wā, ka whanake ēnei huakita whakauru hei mitochondria hou.
2. Ngā Kōroporoporo: Ka puta he tukanga rite i roto i ngā kōroporoporo, e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūtau tipu me ngā pūtau rimurimu. E whakaponohia ana i horomia e ngā pūtau eukaryotic taketake ngā huakita whakaahua-whakaahua pērā i te cyanobacteria. Nā tēnei i hoatu he painga whakaahua-whakaahua ki te manaaki eukaryotic, e āhei ai rātou ki te whakaputa kai mai i te rā, ā, ka whanake hei kōroporoporo.
Ko ngā taunakitanga mō tēnei ariā ko ngā āhuatanga ōrite i waenga i ngā mitochondria me ngā chloroplast me ngā huakita, pērā i te noho mai o te DNA porowhita, ngā ribosome e rite ana ki ngā ribosome huakita, me te kaha ki te wehewehe motuhake i roto i te pūtau.
Te Hurihanga Hanganga me te Mahi
Ehara i te mea ko te whiwhinga mitochondria me ngā chloroplast anake te take o te whakawhiti mai i ngā prokaryotes ki ngā eukaryotes. I uru atu hoki ki ēnei he maha atu anō ngā huringa hanganga me ngā huringa mahi, tae atu ki:
– Te Hanganga o te Kiriuhi Pūnaha: Ko tētahi o ngā tohu o ngā pūtau eukaryotic ko te noho mai o te pūnaha e karapoti ana i ō rātou DNA ki roto i te kiriuhi pūnaha. Ko te whakapae tino noa e kī ana i whanake te kiriuhi pūnaha mā te whakawhanaungatanga o te kiriuhi pūtau i roto i ngā prokaryote o mua, hei tiaki i ngā rauemi ira me te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga ira.
– Ngā Taputapu Ira Matatini Ake: He roa ake, he matatini ake hoki te DNA o ngā eukaryote i ngā prokaryote, kua whakaritea kia rite ki ngā ira chromosomes rārangi. I whanakehia anō hoki ngā take whakawhiti ira me te RNA matatini ake mō te whakahaere ira.
– Pūnaha Angaanga: Ka whakawhanakehia e ngā eukaryote ngā hanganga angaanga uaua, e āhei ai ngā pūtau ki te pupuri i ō rātou āhua, te neke i ngā rauemi i roto i te pūtau, me te whakamahi anō hoki i ngā flagella me ngā cilia hei nekehanga.
– Te Tāpiri atu i Ētahi Atu Organelle: He maha atu anō ngā organelle, pērā i te endoplasmic reticulum, te Golgi apparatus, me ngā lysosomes, i whakawhanakehia hei whakahaere i te tukatuka me te kawe pūmua me ētahi atu pākia pūtau matatau ake.
Te Tūranga o te Hononga i roto i te Whanaketanga
Ko te hononga tahi, he whanaungatanga rauropi i waenganui i ngā momo e rua e noho tata ana, he mea nui ki te whanaketanga o te uauatanga o ngā pūtau. I roto i te anga o te whanaketanga mai i ngā prokaryote ki ngā eukaryote, kāore i te whakarato noa te hononga tahi i ngā painga urutau engari i whakarārangi hoki i te ara mō te auahatanga pākia me te kanorau whānui o te whanaketanga. Kāore ngā hononga tahi e mutu i te taumata o ngā whekau; ka taea e rātou te āwhina i te whanaketanga o ngā hapori nui ake, e akiaki ana i te kanorau o te ora e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi o ēnei rā.
Ngā Wero me ngā Pātai Tuwhera
Ahakoa e whakaaetia whānuitia ana te ariā endosymbiosis, he maha tonu ngā wero me ngā pātai kāore anō kia whakautua, pēnei i:
– Ngā Tikanga Motuhake: Kāore anō kia tino mārama te huarahi e angitu ai te tukanga horomitanga me te pumau mō te wā roa o te mahi tahi.
– Te Pūtake o Ētahi Atu Organelles: Ahakoa e whakaarohia ana i ahu mai ngā mitochondria me ngā chloroplasts i ngā huakita onamata, kāore anō kia tino mapihia te pūtake o ētahi atu organelles i roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic.
– Ngā Taunakitanga o ngā Kōhatu Parapara: Kāore ngā kōhatu parapara e whakaatu ana i ngā taipitopito o te whakawhiti taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa mai i ngā pūtau prokaryotic ki ngā pūtau eukaryotic, nō reira ko te tātari ira me te tātari koiora tonu te taunakitanga matua.
Te Katinga
Ko te whakawhiti mai i ngā pūtau prokaryotic ki ngā pūtau eukaryotic tētahi o ngā taahiraa tino nui o te hītori o te ora i runga i te Ao. Ahakoa e hiahiatia tonutia ana he rangahau whānui mō ngā uauatanga o te whanaketanga pūtau, ko ngā ariā pēnei i te endosymbiosis e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga nui ki ngā mahi pūtau i āhei ai te whanaketanga tonu o te ora. Me ngā whanaketanga o te koiora ngota me te ira, ka neke haere tātou i ia rā ki te māramatanga hohonu ake mō te whanaketanga o tēnei ora uaua. Mā te rangahau i tēnei whakawhiti, ehara i te mea ka hohonu ake tō tātou māramatanga ki te koiora taketake engari me pēhea hoki te urutau me te tupu o te ora tonu i roto i ngā wero taiao e huri haere tonu ana.
