Taitara: Te Mārama ki te Hononga i waenga i te Hanganga me te Mahi a te Pūtau: Ngā Tauira me te Kōrero mō ngā Pātai
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā pūtau ngā waeine iti rawa o te ora, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi koiora. I roto i te koiora, he mea nui te mārama ki te hanganga me te mahi a te pūtau nā te mea ko te hanganga pūtau te mea e whakatau ana i ngā mahi ka taea e te pūtau te mahi. He maha ngā wā, me mārama ake te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hanganga me te mahi a te pūtau kia mārama ai ki te mahi a te rauropi katoa. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi pātai mō te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hanganga me te mahi a te pūtau hei whakahōhonu ake i tō mātou māramatanga ki tēnei kaupapa.
Pātai 1: He pēhea te tautoko a te hanganga o te kiriuhi pūtau i tana mahi e pā ana ki te kawe i ngā matū?
Kōrero:
Ko te kiriuhi pūtau, e mōhiotia ana ko te kiriuhi plasma, he hanganga tino nui mō ngā pūtau nā te mea e wehe ana i te roto o te pūtau mai i te taiao o waho. E rua ngā paparanga o ngā phospholipids amphipathic kei roto i tēnei kiriuhi, arā, he upoko aroha-wai (wai-whakaaro) kei ia ngota phospholipid me te hiku ātete-wai (wai-whakaaro). Mā tēnei hanganga ka taea e te kiriuhi te hanga i tētahi ārai whai hua ki ngā matū wairewa-wai (pōro) engari ka taea te haere i te wāhanga lipid (kore-pōro) mā roto.
Kei roto i tēnei hanganga kiriuhi he pūmua kua whakauruhia e mahi ana i roto i te kawe i ngā ngota me ngā katote. E rua ngā momo kawe i roto i te kiriuhi pūtau: te kawe kore mahi me te kawe hohe. Ko te kawe kore mahi, tae atu ki te horapa me te osmosis, kāore e hiahiatia he pūngao, ko te kawe hohe ia e hiahia ana ki te pūngao ATP hei neke i ngā ngota ki te rerekētanga kukū.
Ka tautokohia e ēnei hanganga āna mahi matua: te whakahaere i te urunga me te putanga o ngā matū ki roto, ki waho hoki i te pūtau, me te tiaki i te āhua o te pūtau mā te pupuri i tētahi hanganga pumau o roto.
Pātai 2: He aha i maha ai ngā takai o roto o ngā mitochondria? He aha te hononga o tēnei ki tā rātou mahi?
Kōrero:
E mōhiotia ana ngā mitochondria ko ngā "pūngao" o ngā pūtau nā te mea koinei te wāhi matua o te whakaputanga adenosine triphosphate (ATP), te ngota e mahi ana hei puna pūngao matua mō te pūtau. He maha ngā takai o te kiriuhi mitochondria o roto e kiia nei ko ngā cristae. Mā ēnei takai ka nui ake te horahanga o te mata o te kiriuhi o roto, he mea nui tēnei nā te mea koinei te wāhi e puta ai te nuinga o te whakaputanga ATP.
Kei roto i te kiriuhi o roto he matatini o ngā whākōkī e uru ana ki te mekameka kawe irahiko me te ATP synthase, e kawenga ana mō te phosphorylation oxidative hei whakaputa ATP. Ko te nui ake o te horahanga mata o te kiriuhi, ko te nui ake o ngā whākōkī ka taea te whakauru, ā, ka pai ake te whakaputa ATP. He tauira tino pai tēnei o te tautoko a te hanganga matatini o ngā mitochondria i tā rātou mahi hei kaihanga pūngao matua i roto i te pūtau.
Pātai 3: He aha te mahi a te hanganga ahurei o ngā kōroporoporo i roto i te tukanga whakaahua?
Kōrero:
He whekau motuhake ngā kōroporoporo e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūtau tipu me ngā pūtau rimurimu e mahi nui ana i roto i te tukanga whakaahua. Pērā i ngā mitochondria, he kiriuhi takirua ngā kōroporoporo; heoi, kei roto anō hoki i a rātou ngā hanganga ahurei e kiia nei ko ngā thylakoids, arā, he hanganga kiriuhi āhua kōpae kua whakaritea hei puranga e mōhiotia ana ko te grana.
Kei roto i te kiriuhi thylakoid te chlorophyll, te tae e mimiti ana i te rā. He mea nui tēnei tūnga nā te mea ka taea te hopu i te kaha mārama e hiahiatia ana hei tīmata i te photosynthesis. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka whakamahia te kaha mārama hei huri i te wai me te hauhā waro hei hāora me te hukahuka.
Mā te hanganga pūmau o te grana ka taea te hopu me te whakamahi i te māramatanga ki te tino whai hua. Hei tāpiri, kei roto i te kiriuhi thylakoid he pūnaha kawe irahiko e āwhina ana ki te waihanga i te pikinga proton e tika ana mō te hanganga ATP i roto i ngā chloroplast, he rite ki te tukanga i roto i ngā mitochondria.
Pātai 4: Me pēhea te tautoko a te hanganga o te angaanga pūtau i te mahi a te pūtau?
Kōrero:
Ko te angaanga pūtau he whatunga muka pūmua e horapa ana puta noa i te cytoplasm o te pūtau. E toru ngā momo muka matua o roto: ngā microfilaments (he actin), ngā microtubules, me ngā miro waenga. Ka mahi tahi ēnei wāhanga e toru ki te tautoko i te hanganga, ki te pupuri i te āhua o te pūtau, ki te whakahaere i te nekehanga o te pūtau, me te whakahaere i te nekehanga o roto o ngā vesicles me ngā organelles.
Hei tauira, he mahi tā ngā microtubules ki te pupuri i te hanganga pūtau me te āwhina i te mitosis hei wāhanga o te mitotic spindle. Mā ngā microfilaments ka taea te neke o te pūtau mā te tikanga whakaheke rite ki te uaua, ko ngā miro waenga ia e whakarato ana i te kaha ā-pūkaha e āwhina ana i ngā pūtau ki te tu atu i te ahotea.
Mā roto i ēnei taunekeneke, ka whai wāhi atu hoki te angaanga pūtau ki te tuku tohu ki te pūtau, ka āwhina i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i te pūtau me roto i te pūtau, he mea nui tēnei i roto i ngā mahi uaua ake o te kiko.
Te Katinga
Ko te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hanganga me te mahi a te pūtau he mea nui ki te koiora pūtau. Mā te tirotiro i ngā tauira motuhake o ngā hanganga pūtau pēnei i te kiriuhi pūtau, ngā mitochondria, ngā chloroplast, me te angaanga pūtau, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te mahi tahi a ia wāhanga o te pūtau hei tautoko i te ora. Mā te mōhio ki ēnei ariā, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i tēnei mātauranga ki ngā mara pēnei i te rongoā, te hangarau koiora, me te rauropi. Mō te haere whakamua, me haere tonu te tūhura me te ako atu mō ngā pūtau, he taahiraa nui tēnei ki te mārama ki ngā tikanga whakamīharo o te ora.
