Te hanganga ā-roto o te aorangi o Papatūānuku
He maha ngā wā ka kitea te whenua he "māmā noa iho" mai i te mata: ngā whenua nui, ngā moana, ngā pae maunga, me te āhuarangi e taupoki ana. Heoi, kei raro i ō tātou waewae he hanganga ā-roto tino uaua, he paparanga, he rerekē tonu i raro i ngā tukanga whenua mō ngā piriona tau. He mea nui te mārama ki te hanganga ā-roto o te whenua, ehara i te mea mō te pūtaiao whenua anake, engari mō te whakamārama hoki he aha ngā rū whenua, me pēhea te hanganga o ngā puia, me pēhea te neke o ngā whenua nui, me te aha he papa aukume kei te whenua e tiaki ana i te ora mai i te irahiko kino.
I te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā paparanga matua o te hanganga o roto o te Ao: te kirinuku, te koroka, me te pūtake. Ko tēnei wehenga e ahu mai ana i te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā toka. Ka wehewehea hoki e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā paparanga e ahu mai ana i te whanonga ā-pūkaha o ngā rauemi, pērā i te lithosphere pakari me te asthenosphere kirihou. Ka riro mai ngā mōhiohio mō roto o te Ao mā roto i ngā tikanga maha, ko te tātaritanga matua o ngā ngaru ru whenua mai i ngā rū whenua, ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga pēhanga teitei, me ngā mātakitakitanga o te kaha ā-papa me ngā papa aukume.
1. Te kirinuku o Papatūānuku: te paparanga o waho rawa, angiangi engari hihiri
Ko te paparanga o te whenua te paparanga o waho rawa o Papatūānuku, koinei te paparanga e noho nei tātou. Ki te whakatauritea ki te rahi whānui o te whenua, he tino angiangi te paparanga—he rite ki te kiri o te āporo. He rerekē te matotoru o te paparanga: ko te paparanga o te moana he 5–10 km te roa, ko te paparanga o te whenua he 30–70 km te whānui, ā, ka matotoru ake i raro i ngā pae maunga nunui pērā i te Himalayas.
Ko te papa o te moana he mea hanga nui mai i ngā toka papatahi he nui te rino me te konupora, ā, he kikī ake. Ko te papa o te whenua he "māmā ake" nā te mea he nui ake ngā toka papatahi he nui te silica me te konumohe. He mea nui tēnei rerekētanga o te hanganga me te kikī i roto i ngā mahi tektonika pereti: he ngāwari ake te heke (te reti ki raro) o te papa o te whenua he kikī ake.
Ahakoa he angiangi, ko te kirinuku te wāhanga e tino māmā ana te mātakitaki. Ko te huarere, te horo, te whakatō, me ngā mahi tektonika kei te huri tonu i te āhua o te kirinuku. Ka tiakina hoki e te kirinuku te hītori whenua o te Ao i roto i te ahua o ngā kōiwi tawhito, ngā paparanga whakatō, me ngā hanganga toka.
2. Te Ritoha me te Ātenōha: te pūtake ā-pūkaha o te nekehanga pereti
I raro i te kirinuku, he tino āwhina te wehewehenga i runga i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha. Ko te kirinuku, me te wāhanga o runga rawa o te koroka, ka hanga i te lithosphere—he paparanga pakari e "pakaru" ana ki ngā pereti tectonic. Ka neke mārire tēnei lithosphere i runga i tētahi paparanga kirihou, te asthenosphere.
Kei te hohonutanga o te asthenosphere tata ki te 100–350 km (he rerekē i runga i te wāhi). Ahakoa he totoka tonu, ka taea e ngā toka i roto i te asthenosphere te rere puhoi rawa i runga i ngā tauine wā whenua nā te teitei o te pāmahana me ngā āhuatanga pēhanga motuhake. Mā tēnei rere puhoi ka taea e ngā pereti tectonic te neke, te tukinga, te wehe, te paheke rānei tetahi i tetahi. Ka kitea ngā hua i runga i te mata hei hanganga o ngā maunga, ngā awaawa moana, ngā pae maunga waenga moana, me ngā rū whenua.
3. Te paparanga nui rawa atu o te ao, te pūkaha matua o te ao tūroa
Ko te paparanga matotoru rawa atu, e toro atu ana mai i te pūtake o te kirinuku ki te hohonutanga o te 2.900 kiromita. Ko te paparanga te nuinga o te rahinga o te Ao, ā, koia te "mīhini" e whakahaere ana i ngā tukanga whenua maha mā te whakawhiti wera. Ko te nuinga o te paparanga he kohuke silicate whai konupora me te rino, pērā i te peridotite. Ahakoa e whakaarohia ana he wai, he totoka te nuinga o te paparanga. Heoi, ka taea e ēnei totoka te huri i te āhua kirihou, ā, ka rere pōturi.
Kua wehea te papa o runga me te papa o raro. Kei roto i te papa o runga te asthenosphere me te rohe whakawhiti; ko te papa o raro ia he hohonu ake, he nui ake te pēhanga me te matotoru.
a. Rohe whakawhiti: he rohe kohuke nui
I ngā hōhonutanga mai i te 410 kiromita ki te 660 kiromita, kei reira tētahi rohe whakawhiti, ka huri te hanganga tioata o ngā kohuke nā te pēhanga teitei. Ka pā tēnei huringa o te āhua o te kohuke ki te tere o ngā ngaru ru, ka taea ai te tautuhi i te rohe mā roto i ngā raraunga ru. He maha ngā wā ka tirohia te rohe whakawhiti hei "rohe" e pā ana ki te neke haere o ngā rauemi o te papa whenua ki runga, ki raro rānei.
b. Te whakawhiti o te mantle me te tectonics pereti
I ahu mai te wera o roto o te Ao i te toenga o te wera o te hanganga o te aorangi me te pirau o ngā huānga irahiko. Mā tēnei wera ka akiakihia ngā iahiko whakawhiti i roto i te papa whenua: ka piki ake ngā rauemi wera ake, ka totohu ngā rauemi matao ake. Ko tēnei whakawhiti te pūtake matua o te nekehanga roa o ngā pereti tectonic. I ētahi wāhi, ka piki ake ngā rauemi wera ki te hanga i ngā hau papa whenua ka taea te whakaoho i ngā mahi nui o te puia, pērā i ngā puia wera pēnei i a Hawai'i.
4. Te pūtake o te papa aukume me ngā mea ngaro o ōna hihiri o roto
Kei raro i te papa o te aorangi te pūtake o te Ao, e wehea ana ki te pūtake o waho me te pūtake o roto. Ko te matotoru katoa o te pūtake e 3.480 kiromita mai i te rohe o te pūtake o te aorangi ki waenganui o te Ao. Ko te pūtake te "ngākau" o te aorangi, ā, he tino rerekē i ngā paparanga i runga ake i a ia, i roto i te hanganga me te whanonga ā-tinana.
a. Ko te matua o waho: wai rino-nickel geodynamo generator
Kei te hohonutanga o te pūtake o waho tata ki te 2.900–5.150 km, ā, he wai. Ko te rino me te nikara te mea nui o roto, me ētahi huānga māmā ake (pērā i te whanariki, te hāora, te silicon rānei) e pā ana ki tōna kiato me tōna ira rewa. Nā te mea he wai, he kawe hiko hoki, ka pāngia te pūtake o waho e ngā iahiko kawe hiko kaha.
Ko te nekehanga o ngā wai kawe hiko i roto i te pūtake o waho, i raro i te awe o te hurihanga o Papatūānuku, ka whakaputa i te papa aukume o Papatūānuku mā roto i tētahi tikanga e kiia nei ko te geodynamo. Ka hangaia e tēnei papa aukume te magnetosphere, e āwhina ana ki te pana i ngā matūriki kua utua mai i te Rā, ā, ka tiakina te āhuarangi me ngā mea ora. E pā ana hoki ngā rerekētanga o te rere o te pūtake o waho ki ngā huringa o te papa aukume, tae atu ki te āhuatanga o ngā hurihanga o ngā pou aukume i roto i ngā wā matawhenua.
b. Te pūtake o roto: te pokapū matotoru, tino wera o Papatūānuku
Kei te hohonutanga o te pokapū o roto o te Ao (6.371 km) te hohonutanga o te pūtake o roto, ā, he totoka. Ahakoa e kiia ana he tino teitei te pāmahana (mano nekehanga Celsius), nā te pēhanga nui ka noho totoka te rauemi rino-nikara. E whakaponohia ana ka haere tonu te tipu o te pūtake o roto i te mea ka mātao te Ao, i te mea ka totoka te rauemi rino mai i te pūtake o waho.
Mā te tipu o te uho o roto ka tukuna te wera huna, ā, ka taea hoki te whakarerekē i te hanganga o te uho o waho (nā te mea he pai ake ētahi huānga ki te noho ki te āhua wai). Ka āwhina tēnei tukanga ki te pupuri i te kawe hiko i roto i te uho o waho, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te pumau mō te wā roa o te papa aukume.
5. Me pēhea te "kite" a ngā kaipūtaiao i te roto o Papatūānuku?
Nā te mea kāore e taea e tātou te keri ki waenganui o te Ao (ko te poka hohonu rawa atu o te tangata he torutoru noa iho ngā kiromita), ka whakawhirinaki te pūtaiao ki ngā huarahi ā-kore:
1. Te Ruānuku: Ka rere ngā ngaru P (tuatahi) me ngā ngaru S (tuarua) mai i ngā rū whenua puta noa i te Ao i ngā tere rerekē i runga i te mātotoru me te āhua o te rauemi. Kāore e taea e ngā ngaru S te haere i roto i ngā wai, nō reira ko te korenga o ngā ngaru S i ētahi rohe ka āwhina i te whakamatau he wai te pūtake o waho.
2. Ngā whakamātautau pēhanga teitei: Ka whakamahanahia, ka pēhia hoki ngā kohuke i roto i ngā taputapu motuhake hei whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga o te koroka me te uho, kia mārama ai ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whanonga o ngā rauemi i ngā hohonutanga tino nui.
3. Te kaha ā-papa me te whenua: Mā ngā rerekētanga o te papa kaha ā-papa ka kitea te tohatoha o te papatipu i roto i te whenua.
4. Te Āhua Aukumetanga: Mā ngā tirohanga o te papa aukume ka āwhina i te whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga o te uho o waho.
6. Whakatau: pūnaha paparanga honohono
Ehara i te mea he puranga paparanga tūmau noa iho te hanganga ā-roto o te Ao. Ko te kirinuku te wāhi e pupuri ana i te ora, e tuhi ana hoki i te hītori o te whenua, ko te lithosphere te neke hei pereti tectonic, ko te asthenosphere te "tūranga" kirihou mō taua nekehanga, ko te mantle te kaiwhakahaere i te rere o te wera e akiaki ana i ngā nekehanga o te mata, ā, ko te uho—ina koa ko te uho o waho—ka whakaputa i tētahi papa aukume tiaki. Ka awe katoa ēnei paparanga tetahi ki tetahi, ka hanga he pūnaha aorangi hohe, e whanake haere ana.
Mā te mārama ki te hanganga o roto o Papatūānuku ka āwhina i a tātou ki te pānui i ngā tohu taiao, ki te matapae i ngā tūponotanga matawhenua, ki te kimi rauemi, tae atu ki te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga e pai ai te noho o Papatūānuku. I raro i tōna mata marino, he aorangi ora matawhenua a Papatūānuku—ā, ko tōna hanganga o roto te pūtake matua o taua ora hihiri.
