Ngā Aorangi Taiao o ngā Aorangi i te Pūnaha Rā
Ko te amiorangi tūturu he tinana rangi e porowhita ana i tētahi aorangi, i tētahi aorangi iti rānei nā tōna kaha tō. I roto i te pūnaha rā, ka kiia ngā amiorangi tūturu he "marama," ahakoa i te tīmatanga ko taua kupu i ahu mai i te Marama e porowhita ana i te Ao. Ehara i te mea he tāpiri noa iho te noho o ngā amiorangi tūturu: ka awe rātou i te pumau o te hurihanga o te aorangi, ka whakaputa tai, ka whakaoho i ngā mahi whenua, ā, ka mahi hei taiwhanga tūturu mō te mārama ki te hanganga o te pūnaha rā. Mai i ngā marama iti, āhua koretake ki ngā marama nunui nui atu i a Mercury, ko te kanorau o ngā amiorangi tūturu e whakaatu ana i te āhua hihiri o te hītori ao huri noa i a tātou.
Te pūtake o ngā amiorangi taiao: i hangaia, i hopukina, i tukituki rānei
Ka whakarōpūhia e ngā kaipūtaiao te hanganga o ngā amiorangi taiao ki ētahi āhuatanga matua. Tuatahi, ka hangaia rātou me ō rātou aorangi (te hanganga tahi) mai i tētahi kōpae rauemi e karapoti ana i tētahi aorangi taitamariki. E whakaponohia ana i puta tēnei me ngā amiorangi maha o ngā aorangi nunui pērā i a Hūpiter me Hātana, he "pūnaha iti" ā rātou e rite ana ki ngā pūnaha rā iti. Tuarua, ka hopukina rātou e te kaha ā-papa, ina ngaro te kaha o tētahi mea e haere ana (hei tauira, mā roto i ngā taunekeneke tinana-toru, i te tōnga hau rānei i te tīmatanga) ā, ka mau hei amiorangi. He maha ngā amiorangi iti e piko ana ō rātou porowhita, e anga ke ana rānei ki te ahunga o te hurihanga o te aorangi, e whakaarohia ana i ahu mai i tēnei tukanga. Tuatoru, ka hangaia rātou hei hua o tētahi pānga nui, pērā i te whakapae rongonui mō te takenga mai o te Marama o Papatūānuku: te tukinga o tētahi mea rahi rite ki a Māta me te rauemi taitamariki i panaia e Papatūānuku i muri mai ka huihui tahi hei hanga i te Marama.
Ko te kanorau o ngā porowhita amiorangi—ko ētahi he tata porowhita, he whakarara ki te ekueta o te aorangi, ko ētahi he tino porowhita, ko ētahi hoki he whakamuri—e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu o ēnei tukanga.
Ngā aorangi whenua: he iti ake ngā amiorangi, engari he tino whai mana
He iti noa iho ngā amiorangi o ngā aorangi toka (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars). Nā te iti o ō rātou taumaha me te iti o te kaha o ngā papa tōpana i ngā aorangi nunui, ka uaua ake te tiaki, te "kohikohi" rānei i ngā pūnaha amiorangi nunui.
Mekuri: kāore he amiorangi taiao
Kāore he amiorangi tūturu o Mercury. Nā tōna tata ki te Rā ka hangaia he taiao kaha rawa te kaha ā-papa me te irahiko. Hei tāpiri, he iti ake te rohe porowhita pumau mō ngā amiorangi (e kore e ngāwari te "toia" e te Rā).
Hine-ā-rangi: kāore he amiorangi, he mea ngaro o ngā hihiri
Kāore hoki he amiorangi tūturu o Hine-tū-rangi. E kī ana ētahi ariā i mua he iti ngā amiorangi o Hine-tū-rangi i ngaro i muri mai nā ngā taunekeneke tai, ngā pānga rānei. Nā te tino puhoi, te hurihuri whakamuri o Hine-tū-rangi, kua maha ngā wā i puta ai he kōrero mō te pānga nui o tētahi mea i tōna wā o mua.
Papatūānuku: Ko te Marama hei whakaū me hei taraiwa tai
Kotahi te amiorangi tūturu o te Ao, he tino nui ki tōna rahi: ko te Marama. He maha ngā pānga o te Marama ki te Ao, inā koa ko ngā tai moana me te pumau o tōna tuaka hurihuri. E whakaponohia ana ka āwhina tēnei pumau ki te pupuri i te āhuarangi o te Ao kia ōrite ake i ngā wā whenua. Kei te mata o te Marama te hītori o te pūnaha rā o mua nā te mea kāore i a ia he āhuarangi me te kaha o te mahi tectonic pērā i a Papatūānuku; ko ōna rua he pūranga o ngā pānga o mua.
Māte: Ko Phobos rāua ko Deimos, he marama iti i hopukina pea
E rua ngā marama iti o Mātaotao: ko Phobos me Deimos. He āhua koretake, he mangu, he iti ake i te Marama te āhua o ēnei e rua. He maha ngā kaipūtaiao e whakapae ana he asteroids kua hopukina, ahakoa e whakapaetia ana hoki i ahu mai i ngā paru i puta mai i te pānga nui ki Mātaotao. Ka porowhita tata a Phobos, ā, ka heke haere mārire ki Mātaotao; e matapaetia ana ka memeha haere hei mowhiti, ka taka rānei ki te mata o Mātaotao.
Ngā aorangi nunui hau: he rangatiratanga matatini o ngā amiorangi
He maha ngā amiorangi o ngā aorangi nunui o te hau (Hūpiter me Hānuere) nā te mea he nui te papatipu, he whānui ngā kōpae hanganga, me te kaha ki te hopu i ngā mea.
Hūpiter: Ngā marama o Kariri me te pūmanawa mō ngā ao moana
He rongonui a Hūpiter mō āna amiorangi nunui e whā i kitea e Galileo Galilei i te tau 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, me Callisto (e kiia nei ko ngā amiorangi Kariri). He rerekētanga nui rawa atu ēnei e whā:
– Ko Io te tinana puia tino kaha i roto i te pūnaha rā, e wera ana i ngā kaha tai mai i te kukume a Hūpiter me ngā haruru porowhita ki a Europa me Ganymede.
– He maeneene te mata hukapapa o Europa, ā, he tohu kaha kei raro i te hukapapa he moana wai—he mea tino pai mō te rapu i te ora moroiti.
– Ko Ganymede te amiorangi nui rawa atu o te pūnaha rā, he nui ake i a Mercury, ā, he ake anō tōna papa aukume.
– He nui ngā rua o Callisto, ā, he "marie" te āhua, he roa te hītori o ngā pānga.
Haunga ngā amiorangi nunui, he maha ngā amiorangi iti a Hūpiter, he maha o ēnei e porowhita whakamuri ana, ā, e whakaarohia ana he tinana hopukina, he tinana pakaru rānei o ngā mea nunui ake.
Hānuere: Titan, Enceladus, me ngā ao mowhiti
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana a Hātū mō tōna pūnaha mowhiti, engari he rite tonu te mīharo o ōna marama. Ko Titan te marama nui rawa atu o Hātū, ko ia anake te marama he matotoru te āhuarangi. Kei a Titan ngā roto me te ua methane/ethane, he mea ahurei mō ngā tukanga matū pre-biotic ahakoa te makariri o te pāmahana.
Ko tētahi atu marama rongonui ko Enceladus, e pupuhi ana i ngā geyser o te hukapapa me te mamaoa wai mai i ngā kapiti i tōna pou tonga. E tohu ana ēnei hau i tētahi moana o raro i te mata e nohoia ana e ngā āhuatanga noho. He maha ngā matūriki mai i ngā geyser o Enceladus e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mowhiti o Saturn, e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga tata i waenga i te marama me te hanganga mowhiti.
Ngā aorangi nunui hukapapa: ngā amiorangi ahurei me ngā tohu o ngā huringa nui
E kiia ana a Uranus rāua ko Neptune he nunui hukapapa nā te mea he nui ngā "hukapapa" i roto i ō rāua hanganga pērā i te wai, te haukini, me te methane i raro i te pēhanga teitei. Mā ō rāua marama ka kitea ngā tohu mō ō rāua hītori o ngā tukinga me ngā hopunga.
Uranus: he pūnaha amiorangi me ngā āhuatanga rerekē
He tino piko te tuaka o Uranus—te āhua nei kei te "hurihuri" huri noa i te Rā. E whakaarohia ana koinei te hua o tētahi pānga nui i tōna hītori tōmua. Ko ngā marama nui o Uranus, arā, ko Titania, ko Oberon, ko Umbriel, ko Ariel, me Miranda, e whakaatu ana i ētahi mata pakaru me ngā tohu o ngā mahi o mua. He mea rongonui a Miranda mō tōna mata "whakaranu" tino nui, e kī ana kua pāngia e ngā tukanga matawhenua uaua.
Neptune: Triton, he amiorangi whakamuri e whakaarohia ana kua hopukina
Ko Triton te marama nui rawa atu o Neptune, e porowhita whakamuri ana. E whakaatu ana tēnei he mea hopu a Triton, tērā pea i ahu mai i te Kuiper Belt. He waiariki hauota a Triton, ā, he mata hukapapa hoki tōna. E whakaarohia ana nā te hopunga o Triton i whakararuraru te pūnaha amiorangi o mua o Neptune, ā, tērā pea i whakangaro, i pei rānei i ngā marama tawhito.
He aha te hiranga o ngā amiorangi taiao mō te pūtaiao?
He maha ngā pātai matua e whakautua ana e te rangahau i ngā amiorangi taiao: me pēhea te hanganga o ngā aorangi, me pēhea te whanaketanga o te matū, me te wāhi pea e puta ai ngā āhuatanga noho. He mea tino whakamere ngā amiorangi pērā i a Europa me Enceladus nā te mea he puna wai wai me te pūngao ā-roto tō rātou. Mā te Marama o Papatūānuku ka mārama ki te hītori tōmua o te hanganga o te aorangi whenua. I taua wā, mā ngā amiorangi iti, koretake e whakarato he tohu ki te hekenga o ngā aorangi me ngā tukanga hopu i roto i te pūnaha rā tōmua.
He "kaiwhakahaere" anō hoki ngā amiorangi mō ngā āhuatanga o te ao. Ka taea e ngā tai te whakamahana i ngā roto o ngā amiorangi, te whakaroa i ngā mahi whenua, tae atu ki te awe i te āhuarangi. Ko ngā taunekeneke o ngā amiorangi me ngā mowhiti—pērā i ngā "marama hepara" e tiaki ana i ngā taha o ngā mowhiti—e whakaatu ana ko te kaha ā-papa, ngā tukinga moroiti, me ngā haruru ā-porowhita e mahi tahi ana ki te hanga i ngā hanganga e kitea ana e tātou.
Te Katinga
He ao iti ngā amiorangi tūturu o ngā aorangi o tō tātou pūnaha rā, he āhua whakamiharo ō rātou. Ko ētahi kua mate, kua kapi hoki i ngā rua pērā i a Callisto, ko ētahi kua pakaruhia e ngā puia pērā i a Io, ko ētahi kei roto ngā moana huna pērā i a Europa me Enceladus, ā, ko ētahi he matotoru ngā āhuarangi pērā i a Titan. Ko te mārama ki ngā amiorangi tūturu ko te mārama ki te hītori o te hanganga o te aorangi, ngā āhuatanga ā-papa, me ngā tūponotanga o te puta mai o tētahi taiao tautoko-ora. I ngā tekau tau e haere ake nei, ko ngā misioni ā-wāhi e aro ana ki ngā marama hukapapa me ngā pūnaha amiorangi o ngā aorangi nunui ka noho hei mea nui ki te whakautu i ngā pātai nui: he pēhea te ahurei o Papatūānuku, ā, ka taea te ora i ētahi atu wāhi o te pūnaha rā?
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi ripanga poto o ngā marama nui o ia aorangi, te waihanga rānei i tētahi putanga o te tuhinga e aro nui ana ki ngā "marama ka taea te noho" pērā i a Europa, Enceladus, me Titan.
