Te Pūmautanga o te Āmiomio Aorangi
Ko te pumau o ngā porowhita o ngā aorangi tētahi o ngā kaupapa nui rawa atu i roto i te arorangi me ngā whanaketanga o te rangi. Ina tirohia te pūnaha rā, te āhua nei ka neke haere ngā aorangi i te Rā i roto i te āhua auau mō ngā piriona tau. Ehara i te mea tūpono tēnei auau, engari ko te hua o ngā ture o te kaha ā-papa, ngā āhuatanga tuatahi o te hanganga o te pūnaha rā, me ngā taunekeneke uaua i waenga i ngā aorangi me ētahi atu tinana rangi. Mā te mārama ki te take he pumau ngā porowhita—me te wā ka kore e pumau—ka āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te aromatawai i te heke mai o te pūnaha rā, te whakamārama i te noho o ngā aorangi o waho, tae atu ki te whakatau tata i te tūponotanga o ngā aorangi nohoia.
He aha te tikanga o te pumau ā-porowhita?
I roto i te horopaki o te arorangi, ko te tikanga o te "porowhita pumau" ka taea e te aorangi te haere tonu i te porowhita i tōna whetu manaaki mō te wā roa rawa atu me te kore e pāngia e ngā huringa nui ka puta atu i te pūnaha, ka tukinga, ka pāngia rānei e ngā raruraru nui i roto i tōna āhua porowhita. Ehara i te mea ko te pumau te tikanga he porowhita porowhita tino tika. He maha ngā aorangi he porowhita porowhita, engari ka noho pumau tonu i te mea ka oho haere ā rātou tawhā porowhita (pērā i te tawhiti toharite ki te whetu, te āhua rerekē, me te pikinga) i roto i ētahi rohe.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te pumau ki ētahi momo. Ko te pumau wā poto e whakaahua ana i ngā porowhita kāore e pōrearea tonu i roto i ngā tauine rau ki ngā mano tau. Ko te pumau wā roa e aro ana ki te pumau o ngā porowhita i roto i ngā tauine miriona ki ngā piriona tau. Kei reira anō te ariā o te pumau "pōrearea" i roto i ngā mahi hihiri: ka taea e te porowhita te noho roa, engari he tino tairongo ki ngā huringa iti, ka uaua ai te matapae taipitopito i tana whanonga i roto i te wā roa.
Te ahupūngao taketake: te kaha ā-papa me ngā ture a Kepler
I ahu mai te pumau o te porowhita i te ture ā-papa a Newton: ka kukume ngā tinana e rua tetahi ki tetahi me te kaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki ō rātou taumaha, ā, ka heke iho i te tapawhā o te tawhiti i waenganui i a rātou. Mai i tēnei ture, i titoa e Johannes Kepler ētahi ture e toru mō te nekehanga o te aorangi e whakaahua ana i ngā porowhita porowhita, te whanaungatanga i waenga i te wā me te tawhiti, me te rerekētanga o te tere o te aorangi i tōna porowhita.
Me he mea e rua noa iho ngā mea—hei tauira, ko te Rā me te aorangi kotahi—kātahi ka whai ngā nekehanga o ngā aorangi i tētahi otinga pāngarau pai, pumau hoki. Ka tiakina tō rātou kaha me te nekehanga koki, nō reira ka noho tonu ō rātou porowhita. Engari ehara i te mea ngāwari te pūnaha rā tūturu. He maha ngā aorangi, ngā amiorangi, ngā asteroid, me ngā comet e awe ana tetahi ki tetahi. Ko ēnei raruraru iti, pumau, te mea e tino whakamere ai, e uaua ai hoki te ako i te pumau o te porowhita.
Ngā raruraru ā-papaku i waenga i ngā aorangi
Ehara i te mea ko te Rā anake te mea e pāngia ana e te kukume ā-papa o ētahi atu aorangi. Hei tauira, ko te nui o te papatipu o Hūpiter e whakararuraru ana i ngā porowhita o ngā asteroids i roto i te whitiki asteroid, ka hangaia he "Kirkwood gaps"—he rohe takoto kau kei reira ngā asteroids e kahakina atu ana, e nekehia rānei ki ngā porowhita rerekē nā te haruru porowhita. Ka pāngia hoki e Hūpiter te porowhita o Māta, ā, ka taea e ia te whakaoho i ngā huringa iti i roto i ngā porowhita o ngā aorangi o roto mā roto i te raupapa o ngā taunekeneke ā-papa.
He iti noa iho ēnei whakararuraru mō ia porowhita, engari ka kohia. I roto i te wā roa, ka taea e rātou te whakarerekē i te āhua rerekē (te nekehanga o te porowhita) me te piko (te piko o te porowhita). Mena he nui rawa ēnei huringa, ka kore e pumau te porowhita, hei tauira mā te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te tukinga, te whakarerekē rānei i tōna tawhiti mai i te whetu manaaki.
Te haruru o te porowhita: te whakaū me te whakararuraru
Ka puta te harurutanga porowhita ina he tau whaitake noa te ōwehenga o ngā wā porowhita o ngā mea e rua, pērā i te 2:1, te 3:2 rānei. Ka taea e ngā harurutanga te hanga i ngā tauira kaha, auau o te awe ā-papa. He mea whakamīharo, ka taea e ngā harurutanga te whakau, te whakararuraru rānei.
Ko tētahi tauira o te haruru pumau ko te haruru Laplace i waenga i ētahi o ngā marama o Hūpiterā, pērā i a Io, Europa, me Ganymede. Mā tēnei haruru ka mau tonu tā rātou nekehanga auau, ā, ka ārai i te pōrearea o ō rātou porowhita. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e te haruru whakararuraru te whakanui ake i te rerekētanga o tētahi asteroid, ka puta ai tōna porowhita ki te porowhita o te aorangi, ka ngoikore ai ki te tōia ki waho, ki te tukinga rānei ki a ia.
I roto i te pūnaha rā, he wāhi anō hoki ngā auorotanga ki te hanganga o ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā mowhiti aorangi me te tohatoha o ngā taupori tinana iti. Ko te pumau o ngā porowhita aorangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te karo i ētahi auorotanga ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā raruraru.
Te tūranga o te mararatanga o te pūngao me ngā awe o te tai
Haunga ngā kaha ā-papatipu parakore, kei reira anō ngā tukanga marara pūngao—hei tauira, nā ngā kaha tai. Ka puta ngā tai nā te mea kāore i te ōrite te kukume ā-papatipu i ngā taha tata me ngā taha tawhiti o tētahi mea. I roto i ngā pūnaha aorangi-whetu, ka taea e ngā tai te whakarerekē i te hurihanga me te porowhita.
I ngā aorangi e tata ana ki ō rātou whetū, ka taea e ngā tai te mea kia mau te aorangi i te tai, kia anga tonu ai tetahi taha ki te whetū. I roto i te wā roa, ka taea hoki e ngā tai te neke haere i te aorangi: ko ētahi ka porowhita ki te whetū, ko ētahi ka neke atu, i runga i te tohatoha o te nekehanga koki me ngā taipitopito o roto o te whetū me te aorangi. He mea nui tēnei tukanga hei mārama ki te pumau o "ngā Hūpiter wera," arā, ngā aorangi e tata ana ki ngā whetū i roto i ngā pūnaha aorangi-ā-waho.
Te pōrearea i roto i ngā whanaketanga o te pūnaha rā
Ahakoa te āhua o te pūnaha rā he ātaahua, i runga i te pāngarau, ka taea e ngā pūnaha tinana-maha te whakaatu i ngā whanonga pōrearea. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea e ngā whakatauira e rua tata rite te whakaputa i ngā ara whanaketanga porowhita rerekē i roto i te wā. Ka inehia tēnei mā ngā ariā pēnei i te "wā Lyapunov," he tauine wā e uaua ai ngā matapae taipitopito ina nui haere ngā hapa iti.
He maha ngā rangahau e kī ana he kaha te kore pumau o te ara iahiko o Mekuri i runga i te tauine piriona tau, ko te nuinga nā ngā taunekeneke haruru ki a Hūpiterā me Hine-tū-rangi. Ahakoa kāore pea i te tūpono, ka taea e tētahi āhuatanga tino kino te whakanui ake i te rerekētanga o Mekuri ki te wāhi ka tūtaki pea ki a Hine-tū-rangi, ka taka rānei ki te Rā. E kī ana tēnei ehara te pumau o te ara iahiko i te tino pono, engari he tūponotanga mō te wā roa.
He aha i āhua pumau ai te pūnaha rā?
He maha ngā take matua i pumau ai tō tātou pūnaha rā i roto i tōna roanga roa:
1. Te papatipu matua o te Rā: Neke atu i te 99% o te papatipu o te pūnaha rā kei roto i te Rā, nō reira he tino kaha te papatipu matua o te kaha ā-papatipu, ā, ka āwhina i te pupuri i ngā aorangi kia herea.
2. Ngā tawhiti roa i waenga i ngā aorangi: He tino tawhiti ngā aorangi nui i te rahi o ō rātou porowhita, nō reira he onge ngā raruraru tika kaha.
3. Te tohatoha o te nekehanga koki: I hangaia te pūnaha rā mai i tētahi kōpae protoplanetary i whakarato i tētahi ahunga hurihuri ōrite me ngā porowhita papatahi.
4. Te korenga o ngā tūtakitanga tata: Kāore ngā aorangi e whiti nui ana i ngā ara porowhita o tētahi ki tētahi, nō reira ka onge noa ngā tukinga nui i muri i te wāhanga hanganga tuatahi.
Heoi, ehara tēnei pumau i te kī kāore he huringa. Ka pōturi te nekeneke haere o ngā tawhā porowhita o ngā aorangi, ka pā ki te āhuarangi o ngā aorangi pērā i a Papatūānuku mā roto i ngā huringa Milankovitch (ngā huringa o te āhuarangi rerekē, te piko tuaka, me te hekenga) e pā ana ki ngā wā hukapapa.
Te pumau o te porowhita i roto i ngā pūnaha o waho o te rā
Ko te kitenga o ngā mano tini o ngā aorangi kei waho e whakaatu ana ehara i te mea ko tō tātou pūnaha rā anake te tauira. He maha ngā pūnaha aorangi he aorangi nunui e tata ana ki ō rātou whetū, he maha rānei ngā aorangi e porowhita tata ana. Ko te pumau o aua pūnaha ka whakatauhia e ngā haruru me ngā hekenga aorangi i roto i ō rātou hītori tōmua. Ka taea e ngā aorangi te neke i ō rātou tūranga nā te taunekeneke ki ngā kōpae hau me te puehu, kātahi ka "raka" ki roto i ngā haruru e kore ai e tata rawa tetahi ki tetahi.
I roto i ngā rangahau mō ngā aorangi o waho, ka whakamahia te pumau o te porowhita hei taputapu hei tirotiro mēnā he tika ngā whakaritenga aorangi kua kitea. Mēnā he kore pumau tētahi whirihoranga i roto i ngā whakatauira, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakatau kei reira ētahi atu aorangi kāore anō kia kitea, me whakarerekē rānei ngā tawhā porowhita kua inehia.
Whakamutunga
Ko te pumau o te porowhita o te aorangi he hua o te taurite i waenga i te here ā-papa, ngā whakararuraru i waenga i ngā aorangi, ngā haruru, me ngā tukanga whakamararatanga pūngao pēnei i ngā tai. I roto i ngā pūnaha tinana-rua māmā, ka taea e ngā porowhita te pumau me te matapae. Heoi, i roto i te pūnaha rā me ētahi atu pūnaha aorangi matatini, ka noho te pumau hei take o ngā hihiri tinana-maha, ka taea te whakaatu i te whanonga pōrearea i roto i ngā tauine wā roa. Ahakoa rā, kua whakaatuhia e tō tātou pūnaha rā te pumau whakamiharo i roto i ngā piriona tau, e āhei ai te ora ki te tupu i runga i te Ao.
Ehara i te mea ko te mārama ki te nekehanga o ngā aorangi anake te kaupapa o te ako i te pumau o te aorangi; engari ko te whai i te hītori o te hanganga o te pūnaha aorangi, te matapae i tō rātou whanaketanga ā muri ake nei, me te rapu i ngā āhuatanga e taea ai e ngā aorangi te noho ki te rohe noho. Nā te whanaketanga o ngā whakatauira rorohiko me ngā raraunga tirotiro mō ngā aorangi o waho, kei te whanake tonu tēnei kaupapa, ā, kei te piki haere te hiranga ki te mārama ki tō tātou tūranga i roto i te ao tūroa.
