Ngā aorangi iti i roto i te arorangi o ēnei rā
He māmā noa iho te ahua o te kupu aorangi iti—me te mea ko tōna tikanga he "aorangi iti ake." Engari i roto i te ao whetū o ēnei rā, ko te aorangi iti he kāwai pūtaiao me te whakamāramatanga i puta mai i te tautohetohe roa, ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau tirotiro, me ngā huringa o te huarahi e mahere ai te tangata i te Pūnaha Rā. Mai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, kua noho ngā aorangi iti hei tetahi o ngā ariā tino whakamīharo nā te mea kei roto rātou i taua wāhi "i waenganui": ehara i te aorangi nui pērā i a Papatūānuku, engari ehara hoki i te toka iti noa pērā i te nuinga o ngā asteroids. Mā tō rātou noho ka āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te mārama ki te hītori o te hanganga o te Pūnaha Rā, te hekenga o ngā aorangi nunui, me te hanganga o ngā tinana hukapapa i ngā taha o tō tātou pūnaha.
Mai i te "aorangi" ki te "aorangi iti": he panonitanga o te whakamāramatanga
I roto i ngā rautau, kua whanake haere te whakamāramatanga o tētahi aorangi me te mōhiotanga o te tangata. Hei tauira, i roa te wā i kiia ai a Pluto ko te iwa o ngā aorangi mai i tōna kitenga i te tau 1930. Heoi, i ngā tau 1990 me ngā tau tōmua o te tau 2000, ka tīmata ngā karu tiro kaha ake me ngā rangahau rangi pūnaha ake ki te kimi i ngā mea maha e rite ana ki a Pluto i roto i te Kuiper Belt—he rohe kei tua atu i a Neptune e nui ana ngā tinana hukapapa. Nā te kitenga o ngā mea pēnei i a Quaoar, Sedna, me Eris rawa atu (he rite te papatipu ki a Pluto, he nui ake rānei i a Pluto) i ara ake ai tētahi pātai matua: mēnā he aorangi a Pluto, me kīia hoki ngā mea rite katoa he aorangi?
I te tau 2006, i whakatūria e te International Astronomical Union (IAU) tētahi whakamāramatanga whaimana mō tētahi aorangi. E ai ki tēnei whakamāramatanga, me: (1) porowhita te aorangi i te Rā, (2) he nui te taumaha hei pupuri i te āhua porowhita (taurite wai), me (3) "whakakore i tōna rohe porowhita" i ngā mea rite. E tutuki ana i a Pluto ngā whakaritenga tuatahi e rua, engari kāore e tutuki i te whakaritenga tuatoru nā te mea kua kī tonu tōna rohe porowhita i ngā mea Kuiper Belt, ā, e pāngia ana e te kaha ā-papa o Neptune. Nō reira, i whakarōpūtia anō a Pluto hei aorangi iti.
He aha te aorangi iti?
E ai ki te IAU, he aorangi iti te aorangi e:
1. Te āmiomio i te Rā.
2. He āhua porowhita tōna nā tōna ake kaha ā-papa.
3. Kāore anō kia "whakawātea" i tōna taiao porowhita.
4. Ehara i te amiorangi (ehara i te marama o tētahi atu aorangi).
Ko te kaupapa o te "whakawātea i te taiao porowhita" he wehewehenga matua. Ko ngā aorangi nui pērā i a Papatūānuku, i a Hūpiter rānei, e whakahaere ana i ō rātou porowhita mā te kaha ā-papa: ka tangohia, ka hopukina, ka whakamararatia rānei ētahi atu mea, ka waiho te rohe e karapoti ana kia "mārama noa iho." Ko ngā aorangi iti, i tētahi atu taha, ka tohaina tō rātou rohe ki ētahi atu tinana iti. Ehara i te mea he take rahi noa iho tēnei, engari ko te mana o ngā nekehanga porowhita.
Ngā tauira o ngā aorangi iti e mōhiotia ana
Tae noa ki tēnei wā, e mōhiotia ana e te IAU ētahi aorangi papatahi nui, ahakoa kei te tipu haere tonu te rārangi o ngā kaitono me ngā kitenga hou.
1. Purūtō
Ko Pluto tonu te aorangi iti rongonui. Kei roto i te Kuiper Belt, ā, he porowhita porowhita tōna e anga whakarara ana ki te papa porowhita o ngā aorangi kē atu. He pūnaha amiorangi matatini anō hoki tō Pluto, tae atu ki a Charon, he nui ake i a Pluto—nā reira i kiia ai he pūnaha "aorangi takirua". I whakaatuhia e te misioni New Horizons (2015) te mata whenua o Pluto e kaha ana te mahi, me ngā mania hauota tio me ngā tohu o ngā tukanga e rite ana ki te putanga o te ao hukapapa o te "hukapapa."
2. Ngā Kere
He aorangi iti a Ceres i roto i te whitiki asteroid i waenganui i a Mars me Jupiter. He mea ahurei nā te mea he tata atu i te nuinga o ngā aorangi iti i tua atu i a Neptune. I kitea e te misioni Dawn a NASA he taunakitanga mō te tote, te hukapapa, me te mahi pea o te cryovolucanic (he momo "puia hukapapa") i mua. He tohu nui a Ceres e whakaatu ana ehara i te mea he toka maroke anake te whitiki asteroid, engari he wai me ngā matū pūngāwerewere anō hoki kei roto.
3. Ērihi
Kei tua atu a Eris i Neptune, ā, he mea nui ia i roto i te whakamāramatanga hou o te aorangi. He tata rite te rahi ki a Purutō, engari he tawhiti ake, he rerekē ake hoki tōna porowhita. He marama tō Eris, ko Dysnomia te ingoa. Nā tōna tawhiti nui, he iti noa ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō tōna mata, engari e whakaponohia ana he nui ngā hukapapa pērā i te methane me te hauota.
4. Haumea
He mea rongonui a Haumea mō tōna āhua roa, e whakaarohia ana nā tōna tere hurihuri. He mowhiti angiangi anō hoki ōna, ā, he maha ngā marama. E whakaatu ana a Haumea he maha ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā aorangi iti kāore i te "porowhita tino tika," engari ka tutuki tonu i ngā whakaritenga mō te taurite wai i roto i ētahi rohe.
5. Makemake
Kei roto hoki a Makemake i te Whitiki Kuiper. He mea whakamere tēnei mea nā te mea he kanapa rawa tōna mata, e tohu ana i te nui o te huka. Kotahi te amiorangi kua kitea e Makemake, ā, e āwhina ana i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whakatau i tōna taumaha.
He aha te hiranga o ngā aorangi iti i roto i te ao arorangi o ēnei rā?
He maha ngā wā ka kiia ngā aorangi papatahi he "toenga" mai i te hanganga o ngā aorangi—he poraka hanga kāore i tino tū hei aorangi. Engari koinei tonu te take he tino uara rātou. He maha ngā aorangi papatahi e noho ana i ngā rohe "tiaki" makariri, e taea ai e ō rātou rauemi te pupuri i ngā mōhiohio matū me ngā mōhiohio ā-tinana mai i te Pūnaha Rā o mua.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka āwhina ngā rangahau mō ngā aorangi iti ki te whakamātautau i ngā tauira o te hekenga o ngā aorangi nunui. E kī ana te ariā hou, tera pea i nekehia ngā tūranga o Hūpiter, Hātana, Uranus, me Neptune i te ao tūroa, ā, ka puta ake te Whitiki Asteroid me te Whitiki Kuiper. Ko te tohatoha o ngā porowhita o ngā aorangi iti—ngā piko, ngā haruru, me ngā āhua rerekē—tērā pea ka whakarato i tētahi "tūāpapa" o tēnei huihuinga hekenga.
Ka whakahēngia hoki e ngā aorangi iti te whakaaro he "mate" tonu ngā tinana ririki i te taha whenua. E whakaatu ana a Pluto me Ceres i ngā tohu o te mahi, ahakoa nā te wera o roto, nā ngā taunekeneke tai, nā te matū hukapapa uaua rānei. Arā, he taiwhanga taiao ngā aorangi iti mō te ako i te taha whenua o ngā ao hukapapa me te āheinga o ngā taiao e tautoko ana i ngā rauemi rauropi.
Ngā aorangi iti me te whanaketanga hangarau
Ko ngā whanaketanga o te ao whetū o ēnei rā—mai i ngā kāmera CCD tairongo ki ngā rangahau aunoa ki ngā karu tirohanga ātea—kei te kaha ake te kitea o ngā aorangi iti. Ko ngā rangahau pēnei i a Pan-STARRS me ngā kaupapa rapu taonga trans-Neptunian kei te āwhina ki te tautuhi i ngā kaitono hou i ngā taha o te Pūnaha Rā.
I te tirohanga whakamua, e matapaetia ana ka hurihia e te Whare Tirotiro o Vera C. Rubin (me tana Tirotiro Taonga o te Wā me te Wā/LSST) te rapunga mō ngā mea iti, tawhiti. He maha ngā tohunga whetū e matapae ana ka nui haere te maha o ngā aorangi papatahi e hiahiatia ana, inā koa i roto i te Kuiper Belt me ngā rohe kōpae marara. Ka whakatuwherahia hoki e tēnei te āheinga o tētahi "Aorangi Iwa" whakapae - ehara i te aorangi papatahi, engari he aorangi nui kāore anō kia kitea - ko tōna oranga kua whakatauhia mai i ngā tauira porowhita o ngā mea tawhiti. Mena he tika tēnei ariā, ko tētahi aorangi papatahi me te porowhita tino tawhiti te mea nui hei whakamana i te kaupapa.
Te tautohetohe me te heke mai o te whakarōpūtanga
Ahakoa he āwhina te whakamāramatanga a te IAU ki te whakahaere i te whakarōpūtanga, kāore anō kia tino whakatauhia te tautohetohe. E kī ana ētahi kaipūtaiao he nui rawa te whakawhirinaki o te whakamāramatanga o te "whakawātea i tētahi porowhita" ki te wāhi (hei tauira, i roto i te Kuiper Belt, he uaua ake te "whakawātea i tētahi porowhita" nā te kiato o ngā mea). Kei te tautohetohe anō hoki mēnā me pā noa te whakamāramatanga o tētahi aorangi ki ngā mea e porowhita ana i te Rā, i te mea kua kitea ngā mano tini o ngā aorangi kei waho e porowhita ana i ētahi atu whetū.
Ahakoa te tautohetohe mō ngā kupu, kua noho ngā aorangi iti hei kāwai whai hua, ā, kua roa nei e whakamahia ana. Ka honoa e rātou te ako i ngā aorangi, ngā asteroids, ngā comets, me ngā mea trans-Neptunian ki roto i tētahi anga kotahi hei mārama ki te whanaketanga o te Pūnaha Rā.
Te Katinga
I roto i ngā mahi arorangi o ēnei rā, ehara i te mea he "rūpahu nui" noa iho ngā aorangi iti. He pūranga ēnei o te hītori o te ao tūroa, he ao ahurei me ngā mowhiti, ngā marama, ngā āhuarangi angiangi, me ngā mahi whenua pea. Mai i a Ceres i te Whitiki Asteroid ki a Pluto me Eris i te taha o te Pūnaha Rā, ka whakawhānui ake ngā aorangi iti i te huarahi e whakaaro ai tātou ki te "aorangi" me te whakaū he nui ake te kanorau o te Pūnaha Rā i tā te whakaaro i te rautau 20. Me ngā reanga hou o ngā karu tiro me ngā misioni ā-wāhi kei te heke mai, ka noho tonu ngā aorangi iti ki te arotahi—e āwhina ana ki te whakautu i ngā pātai nui mō ngā takenga mai, ngā hihiri, me te kanorau o ngā ao huri noa i te Rā.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga iti "rārangi o ngā aorangi iti me ō rātou āhuatanga" ki te āhua ripanga, ka taea rānei e au te tuhi i tētahi putanga rongonui ake o te tuhinga mō ngā ākonga kura tuarua.
