Te rerekētanga o ngā porowhita aorangi
Ina whakaarohia ngā aorangi e porowhita ana i ngā whetū, ko te ahua e puta ake ana ki te hinengaro ko ngā ara porowhita ma, pumau. Ko te mea pono, ko te nuinga o ngā porowhita aorangi ehara i te mea tino porowhita. He porowhita noa iho rātou—he rite ki te porowhita "e totorohia ana" ki te taha kotahi. Ko te ine i te "porowhita" o te porowhita e kiia ana ko te āhua rerekē o te porowhita. He āhua māmā noa iho tēnei ariā, engari he pānga hohonu: ka pā ki ngā rerekētanga o te tawhiti o te aorangi mai i tōna whetū, ngā huringa o tōna tere porowhita, tae atu ki tōna āhuarangi me tōna āhuarangi noho pea.
He aha te āhua rerekē?
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te āhua rerekē (e) he tau e whakaahua ana i te āhua o te porowhita:
– ko te tikanga o te e = 0 he porowhita tino tika te ara iahiko.
– 0 < e < 1 ko te tikanga he porowhita porowhita (koinei te mea tino noa mō ngā aorangi). - e = 1 ko te tikanga he porowhita parabolic (ka hipa kotahi te mea, ā, kāore e hoki mai; hei tauira, ētahi wheturangi). - e > 1 ko te tikanga he porowhita hyperbolic (ka ahu mai te mea i tawhiti, kātahi ka ngaro atu mō ake tonu atu).
Mō ngā aorangi o te pūnaha rā, kei waenganui i te 0 me te iti iho i te 1 te uara o te e, nō reira he porowhita porowhita tō rātou katoa. Heoi, he rerekē te taumata o te "porowhita" o te porowhita.
Porowhita, arotahi, perihelion, me te aphelion
E rua ngā pūwāhi motuhake o te porowhita porowhita e kiia nei ko ngā arotahi. Mēnā he aorangi e porowhita ana i te Rā, kei te arotahi kotahi te Rā, ehara i te pokapū o te porowhita. Koinei te take e rerekē ai te tawhiti o te aorangi mai i te Rā puta noa i tōna porowhita.
E rua ngā tūranga nui i roto i te porowhita:
– Perihelion: te pūwāhi tata rawa atu o te aorangi ki te Rā
– Aphelion: te pūwāhi tawhiti rawa atu o te aorangi mai i te Rā
Ko te nui ake o te rerekētanga, ko te nui ake o te rerekētanga o te tawhiti i waenga i te perihelion me te aphelion.
Te āhua rerekē me ngā ture a Kepler
Kāore te āhua rerekē e tū motuhake ana. E pā ana ki te nekehanga o ngā aorangi e ai ki ngā Ture a Kepler, inā koa te ture tuarua: he rārangi whakaaro e hono ana i te aorangi me te Rā e horapa ana i ngā rohe ōrite i ngā wā ōrite. Nō reira, ina tata te aorangi ki te perihelion, ka tere ake tana nekehanga; ina tata ki te aphelion, ka puhoi ake tana nekehanga. Mā tēnei ka whakamārama he aha te "tere ā-pōro" ehara i te mea pumau mō te ā-pōro porowhita.
I ngā porowhita tata porowhita (e iti), kāore e kitea ngā panoni o te tere me te tawhiti. Engari mō ngā porowhita tauhou (e teitei ake), ka tino kitea ngā rerekētanga.
Ngā tauira o te āhua rerekē i roto i te pūnaha rā
He rerekē ngā uara rerekē o ngā aorangi o te pūnaha rā. Anei tētahi tirohanga whānui (ka taea te whakaawhiwhi i ngā tau):
– Hine-ā-rangi: tino tata ki te porowhita (e ~ 0,007)
– Papatūānuku: tata porowhita (e ~ 0,017)
– Māte: porowhita ake (e ~ 0,093)
– Mekuri: te aorangi tino rerekē rawa atu (e ~ 0,206)
E kiia ana he porowhita te porowhita o te Ao, engari he porowhita tonu. Ko te rerekētanga o te tawhiti o te Ao mai i te Rā i waenga i te perihelion me te aphelion he tata ki te torutoru miriona kiromita. Ahakoa he mea nui tēnei, he torutoru ōrau noa iho o te tawhiti toharite, nō reira he iti noa iho tōna pānga ki te pūngao rā katoa e whiwhihia ana e te Ao ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te honga o tōna tuaka.
Te āhua rerekē me ngā wā o te ao
Ko tētahi whakaaro hē noa ko te whakaaro ko ngā wā ka puta mai nā te mea he tata ake a Papatūānuku ki te Rā i te raumati, ā, he tawhiti atu i te takurua. Inaa, ko te honga tuaka o Papatūānuku (tata ki te 23,5°) te take matua o ngā wā, ehara i te mea ko tōna āhua rerekē.
He mea whakamīharo, kei te tata tonu a Papatūānuku ki te perihelion i te tīmatanga o Hānuere, i te wā e pāngia ana te Ao Raki e te takurua. E kī ana tēnei ehara te tawhiti i te mea matua e whakatau ana i ngā wā. Heoi, he iti tonu te pānga o te āhua rerekē: he rerekē te kaha o te rā i waenga i te wā e perihelion ana a Papatūānuku me te wā e aphelion ana. Ka kitea tēnei pānga hei rerekētanga iti i roto i te tohatoha o te pūngao o te rā e whiwhihia ana e Papatūānuku puta noa i te tau.
He aha i taea ai te huri i te āhua rerekē?
Kāore te āhua rerekē o te porowhita e pumau tonu. I roto i ngā pūnaha he maha ngā aorangi, ka āta huri te porowhita nā te kukume ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi. I ngā tauine mano ki te miriona tau, ka rerekē te āhua rerekē o te Ao e pā ana ki ngā huringa o Milankovitch—he raupapa o ngā huringa ā-wā i roto i ngā tawhā porowhita me te hurihanga o te Ao e pā ana ki ngā tauira āhuarangi mō te wā roa, tae atu ki ngā wā hukapapa.
Haunga ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā aorangi, ka pā anō hoki te tata ki ētahi atu mea nunui, ngā haruru ā-porowhita, me te hītori o te hanganga o te pūnaha aorangi (hei tauira, ngā tukinga, ngā hekenga rānei o ngā aorangi) ki te āhua rerekē.
Te āhua rerekē o ngā aorangi: mai i te marino ki te tino
I te tīmatanga o te kitenga o ngā aorangi i ngā aorangi kei waho o tō tātou pūnaha rā, i kitea e rātou he nui ake ngā āhua rerekē o te nuinga o ēnei aorangi i ō tātou ake aorangi. Ko ētahi whetu nunui e porowhita tata ana ki ō rātou whetu ("Hūpiter wera") he porowhita tata tonu ō rātou porowhita nā ngā pānga tai e whakau ana i ō rātou porowhita, engari he maha atu ngā aorangi he porowhita porowhita te āhua.
Ko te āhua rerekē teitei e tohu ana i tētahi hītori hihiri "pakeke", hei tauira:
– ngā taunekeneke kaha o te kaha ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi,
– ngā raruraru mai i ngā whetū hoa i roto i ngā pūnaha whetū rua,
– ngā tukinga me ngā panga o ngā aorangi i te wā o te hanganga tōmua o te pūnaha.
Ka nui ake te kino o ngā āhuatanga taiao o te aorangi i ngā porowhita rerekē: ka puta he huringa nui o te pāmahana me te kaha o te irahiko e whiwhihia ana i te roanga o te porowhita i ngā panonitanga o te tawhiti ki te whetū.
Te pānga o te āhua rerekē ki te nohoia
I roto i te rangahau mō te noho o te aorangi, he mea nui te āhua rerekē. Mena he nui te āhua rerekē o te aorangi, ka penei pea:
– e tata rawa ana tetahi wāhanga o tōna porowhita ki te whetu (he tino wera rawa),
– ā, ko ētahi atu he tawhiti rawa (he makariri rawa).
Heoi, kāore te tawhiti anake e whakatau ana i te āheinga noho. Mā te āhuarangi matotoru, ngā moana, ngā tikanga whakawhiti wera rānei ka āwhina i te whakaū i ngā pāmahana. Tērā ētahi āhuatanga ka taea tonu e ngā aorangi he āhua rerekē te noho hei rohe noho whai hua, inā koa mēnā ka tautokona e te kaha toharite te wai wai, ā, ka taea e te āhuarangi te tohatoha i te wera.
I tētahi atu ringa, ka taea e ngā āhua rerekē nui te whakaoho i ngā rerekētanga āhuarangi tino kino, te whakanui ake i te kore pumau o te rangi, te whakarerekē i ngā tauira o ngā wā, tae atu ki te awe i ngā taunekeneke tai me te whetu, ka taea ai te whakamahana i te roto o te aorangi (te whakamahana tai) te whakateretere rānei i tōna whanaketanga hurihuri.
Te ine i te āhua rerekē: me pēhea te mōhio o ngā tohunga whetū?
I roto i te pūnaha rā, ka whakatauhia te āhua rerekētanga mā te tirotiro i ngā tūranga o ngā aorangi i roto i te wā. Mō ngā aorangi o waho, ko ngā tikanga noa ko:
– Te tere pūtoro: e ine ana i te "wiri" o te whetū nā te kukume a te aorangi; ka taea e te āhua o te pihi tohu te whakaatu i te āhua rerekē.
– Te Whakawhiti: ina hipa te aorangi i mua i te whetu, ka taea e te roanga me te āhua o te whakawhiti, me ētahi atu raraunga, te homai i ngā tohu mō te āhua o te porowhita.
– Ngā rerekētanga o te wā: ka taea e ngā panonitanga o te wā whakawhiti (TTV) nā ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā aorangi te āwhina i te whakaatu i ngā tawhā porowhita tae atu ki te rerekētanga.
Ka nui ake ngā raraunga ka kohia e tātou, ka pai ake ā tātou whakatau tata mō te āhua rerekē me tō tātou mārama ki ngā whanaketanga o te pūnaha.
Te Katinga
Ko te āhua rerekē o te porowhita o te aorangi he ariā matua hei mārama he aha kāore i te porowhita tonu ngā porowhita, he aha te rerekētanga o te tawhiti o te aorangi i tōna whetu, me te aha kāore te tere o te aorangi i te pumau puta noa i tōna porowhita. I roto i te pūnaha rā, he iti noa ngā āhua rerekē o ngā aorangi, ā, ka āhua "marie" ngā nekehanga porowhita. Heoi, he maha ngā aorangi o waho e whakaatu ana i ngā porowhita rerekē ake, e whakaatu ana he tino uaua te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha aorangi, ā, he nui ngā taunekeneke whakamiharo.
Mā te mārama ki te āhua rerekē, ehara i te mea ka ako noa tātou i te āhua o ngā porowhita, engari ka pānuihia hoki te "hītori" ā-papa e hanga ana i te pūnaha aorangi—me te aromatawai i te pānga o te āhua o te porowhita ki te āhuarangi me te tūponotanga o te puta mai o tētahi taiao e pai ana mō te oranga.
