Te Awe o te Papatūānuku o te Rā ki ngā Aorangi
Ko te kaha ā-papa o te Rā te "miro ngaro" e pupuri ana i te pūnaha rā kia tika. Ki te kore te kaha ā-papa o te Rā, e kore ngā aorangi e porowhita pūmau, engari ka rere i ō rātou tere taketake, ka whiua ki te wāhi i waenganui i ngā whetu. Engari ehara i te mea ko te "pupuri" i ngā aorangi anake te awe o te kaha ā-papa; ka hangaia ō rātou porowhita, ka whakatau i ō rātou tere, ka awe i te pāmahana mā te tawhiti, ka taunekeneke ki te kaha ā-papa o ētahi atu aorangi, ā, ka puta he pānga ngawari pērā i te hekenga porowhita. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a te kaha ā-papa o te Rā me tōna awe i te whanonga o ngā aorangi i roto i te pūnaha rā.
1. Ko te kaha ā-papa te kaiwhakahaere matua o te pūnaha rā
I te whakarapopototanga, ko te kaha ā-papatipu te kaha kukume i waenga i ngā papatipu e rua. Kei roto i te Rā te 99,86% o te papatipu katoa o te pūnaha rā, ā, koia te mea nui o tōna awe ā-papatipu. Nā tōna papatipu nui, ka hangaia e te Rā he "puna ā-papatipu" hohonu, ka meinga ngā mea e karapoti ana i a ia—ngā aorangi, ngā asteroids, me ngā comets—kia huri haere i a ia.
Kāore ngā aorangi e taka tika ki te Rā nā te mea he tere nui anō hoki tō rātou (tere taha). Ko te mutunga mai he nekehanga porowhita: ka "taka" tonu ngā aorangi ki te Rā nā te kaha o te kaha ā-papa, engari i te wā kotahi ka "tere taha," kia piko ai ō rātou ara, kia hanga ai he porowhita kati (e tata ana ki ngā porowhita).
2. Whakatauhia te āhua o te porowhita: te porowhita, te āhua rerekē, me te tawhiti toharite
E ai ki ngā ture a Kepler, he porowhita te porowhita o te aorangi, ko te Rā te arotahi kotahi. Ka whakatauhia tēnei āhua porowhita e te taurite i waenga i te kaha nekeneke o te aorangi me tōna kaha ā-papa i roto i te pūnaha Rā-aorangi.
Ko te taumata o te "porowhita" o te porowhita e kiia ana ko te āhua rerekē. Mena he tata te āhua rerekē ki te kore, he tata porowhita te porowhita (hei tauira, ko Hine-tū-rangi). Mena he nui ake, he porowhita ake te porowhita (hei tauira, ko Hūrae, he āhua rerekē). Ko te kaha ā-papa o te Rā te mea matua e hanga ana i ēnei porowhita, engari ka taea hoki e ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi te whakarerekē āta i te āhua rerekē i roto i ngā wā roa rawa.
He maha ngā mea e whakatau ana i te tawhiti o te aorangi mai i te Rā: mai i te pāmahana toharite o te mata ki tōna wā hurihanga. He kaha ake te kukume ā-papa o ngā aorangi tata atu pērā i a Mercury me Venus i ngā aorangi tawhiti atu pērā i a Uranus me Neptune.
3. Whakahaerehia te tere o te aorangi: ka tata ake, ka tere ake
Ko tētahi o ngā pānga o te kaha ā-papa o te Rā e tino māramahia ana ko te rerekētanga o te tere porowhita. Ka tere ake te neke o ngā aorangi e tata atu ana ki te Rā. E hangai ana tēnei ki te ture tuarua a Kepler: ka horahia e ngā aorangi ngā rohe ōrite i ngā wā ōrite, nō reira, ina tata te aorangi ki te Rā (perihelion), ka piki ake tōna tere; ina tawhiti atu (aphelion), ka heke tōna tere.
Hei tauira, e 88 noa iho ngā rā o te ao e porowhita ana a Mekuri i te Rā, engari e 165 tau te roa o te porowhita kotahi e oti ai i a Neptune. Ka puta tēnei rerekētanga nui nā te mea ko te kukume ā-papa e pā ana ki tētahi aorangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna tawhiti: ko te tawhiti atu, ko te ngoikore ake o te kukume, ā, nō reira ko te tere porowhita pumau e hiahiatia ana hei whakataurite i te kaha ā-papa.
4. Te whakatau i te wā hurihanga: te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tawhiti me te wā
E ai ki te ture tuatoru a Kepler, ko te tapawhā o te wā hurihanga o te aorangi he rite tonu ki te pūtoru o tōna tawhiti toharite mai i te Rā. I roto i te ariā, ko te tawhiti atu o te aorangi i te Rā, ko te nui ake o tōna tawhiti porowhita, ā, ko te ngoikore ake o tōna kukume ā-papa, e whakapē ana i tōna ara, ka roa ake te wā ki te whakaoti i te porowhita kotahi.
E kitea mārama ana te pānga i runga i te tauine o te pūnaha rā: he poto ngā "tau" o ngā aorangi o roto, he roa ngā "tau" o ngā aorangi o waho. Ehara i te mea nā ō rātou tawhiti porowhita nui anake tēnei, engari nā ō rātou tere porowhita puhoi ake nā te iti o te kukume ā-papa.
5. Te pumau o te porowhita me te "kanikani" ā-papa me ētahi atu aorangi
Ahakoa te kaha o te kaha ā-papatipu o te Rā, ka kukume anō hoki ngā aorangi tetahi ki tetahi. Mā tēnei taunekeneke ka puta he raruraru ā-porowhita ka taea te whakarerekē i te piko o te porowhita, te āhua rerekē, me te tūranga i roto i te wā. Heoi, ko te Rā tonu te punga matua e ārai ana i te pūnaha kia kore e pōrearea.
Ko tētahi tauira matarohia o te awe ā-papatipu o te Rā me ētahi atu aorangi ko te haruru porowhita. Hei tauira, kei roto ētahi asteroids i ngā "āputa" motuhake i roto i te whitiki asteroid nā te haruru ki a Hūpiter. I roto i ēnei rohe, ka taea e te kukume ā-wā a Hūpiter—i roto i te horopaki o tētahi pūnaha e whakahaerehia ana e te Rā—te whakararuraru i te porowhita o te asteroid, ka kore e pumau, ka pana ki tētahi porowhita rerekē.
Ara, ko te kaha ā-papa o te Rā te pokapū o te ao, ko ngā aorangi nui, inā koa ko Hūpiter me Hānuere, ka noho hei "kaiwhakaari" tāpiri e awe ana i ngā whanaketanga.
6. Te piki me te heke me ngā awe ā-kore
Ko te kaha o te tai o te Rā te take o ngā tai. I runga i te Ao, ko te kaha o te tai o te Marama te pūtake o ngā tai kaha rawa atu, engari he nui te takoha a te Rā. Ina tata te tūnga o te Rā, te Marama, me te Ao (te marama hou, te marama katoa rānei), ka eke ngā tai ki te taumata teitei (ngā tai puna). Ina hanga he koki matau (te hauwhā tuatahi, te hauwhā tuatoru rānei), ka iti ake ngā tai (ngā tai hou).
I ētahi atu aorangi, ka taea e ngā pānga tai o te Rā te whai wāhi ki te wera o roto mēnā he tata te mea, ā, he rerekē tōna porowhita. Ahakoa ko ngā tauira tino kaha o te wera tai e pā ana ki ngā taunekeneke ki ngā aorangi nunui (hei tauira, a Io me Hūpiter), he rite tonu te kaupapa ā-tinana: ko ngā rerekētanga o te kukume ā-papa i ngā wāhanga o te mea ka puta te totoro, te waku o roto, me te wera.
7. Te pikinga o te porowhita: he huringa puhoi i te ahunga o te porowhita
Kāore ngā porowhita aorangi e "pūmau" tonu. Ka āta hurihuri te ahunga o te tuaka roa o te porowhita, he āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te hekenga. Ka puta tēnei hekenga nā te huinga o ngā āhuatanga: ngā raruraru ā-papa mai i ētahi atu aorangi me ngā pānga o te whanaungatanga whānui, ko te mea nui ki a Mercury.
Ki a Mercury, ko tōna nekehanga perihelion tētahi o ngā taunakitanga tino nui mō te whanaungatanga whānui a Einstein. Heoi, he mea nui kia mārama ko te pūtake o te āhuatanga e hono tonu ana ki te meka ko te Rā he pokapū taumaha nui, e hanga ana i tētahi āhua porowhita e tino aro ana ki ngā raruraru iti.
8. Te pupuri i ngā aorangi kia herea: ngā rohe o te awe o te Rā
I runga i te kaha ā-papa, he rohe mana tō te Rā e kiia nei ko te "porowhita awe," arā, ko te rohe o te pumau o te kaha ā-papa ki ngā raruraru o waho. I roto i tēnei rohe, he nui ake te here o ngā mea ki te Rā i ērā atu whetū. Koia te take e kiia tonutia ai ngā kōmete i roto i te hohonu o te Kapua Oort he wāhanga o te pūnaha rā, ahakoa tō rātou tawhiti nui.
Engari i ngā rohe o waho rawa atu, ka taea e te kukume ā-papa o ētahi atu whetū me ngā raruraru o te ao tūroa te whakararuraru i te porowhita o te kōmeta, ka maka ki roto i te pūnaha rā o roto, ka puta atu rānei. E whakaatu ana tēnei ko te kaha o te kaha ā-papa o te Rā, ahakoa te kaha i runga i te tauine aorangi, he rohe tonu kei ngā tawhiti tino tawhiti.
9. Te awe ki te āhuarangi me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te aorangi mā te tawhiti
Ehara i te mea ko te kaha ā-papa o te Rā anake te "whakahaere i te nekehanga," engari he pānga ā-korekore hoki ki ngā āhuatanga o te aorangi mā te whakahaere i te tawhiti porowhita. Ko te tawhiti te mea e whakatau ana i te kaha o te mārama me te pūngao e whiwhihia ana e te aorangi. He maha ngā wā ka kōrerohia te rohe nohoia i roto i tēnei horopaki, arā, te whānuitanga e taea ai e te wai wai te noho pumau i runga i te mata o te aorangi (mehemea he āhuarangi e tika ana).
Ara, nā te mea ko te kaha ā-papa o te Rā e whakatau ana i te porowhita (ā, ko te porowhita te mea e whakatau ana i te tawhiti toharite), he wāhi nui tō te kaha ā-papa ki te tūponotanga o ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō te ora i roto i tētahi aorangi.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui, he mea whānui hoki te awe o te kaha ā-papa o te Rā ki ngā aorangi. Ka pupuri i ngā aorangi ki te tūnga, ka whakatau i te āhua me te pumau o ō rātou porowhita, ka whakahaere i tō rātou tere me te wā hurihanga, ā, ka taunekeneke ki te kaha ā-papa o ētahi atu aorangi hei whakaputa i ngā āwangawanga porowhita, ngā haruru, me te hekenga. Ahakoa ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te Ao, pērā i ngā tai, ka uru te Rā ki roto. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea he kaha kukume noa iho te kaha ā-papa o te Rā; koinei te hanganga matua e hanga ana i te "hanganga" o te pūnaha rā, ā, ka taea e ngā aorangi te whai i tētahi tauira nekehanga auau mō ngā piriona tau.
