Ngā Taunekeneke ā-Aorangi
He kaha "kāore e kitea" te kaha ā-papatipu, engari koia te kaiwhakahaere matua o te tikanga o te ao. I roto i te Pūnaha Rā, ka mahi ngā taunekeneke ā-papatipu i waenga i ngā aorangi pērā i te tukutuku kukume me te kukume tonu. Ki te kore te kaha ā-papatipu, e kore ngā aorangi e porowhita i te Rā, e kore ngā marama e porowhita pono i ō rātou aorangi, ā, ka neke ngā hanganga mowhiti, ngā asteroids, me ngā comets me te kore he tauira pumau. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua o ngā taunekeneke ā-papatipu i waenga i ngā aorangi, ō rātou pānga ki ngā porowhita me ngā hihiri o te Pūnaha Rā, me ngā tauira o ngā āhuatanga nui ka taea e tātou te mātakitaki me te ako.
Ngā kaupapa matua o te kaha ā-papa me ngā porowhita aorangi
E ai ki te ture ā-papatipu a Newton, ka kukume ngā mea e rua he papatipu te taumaha tetahi ki tetahi me te kaha e rite ana ki te hua o ō rāua papatipu, ā, he rite whakamuri ki te tapawhā o te tawhiti i waenganui i a rāua. I roto i te horopaki o te Pūnaha Rā, ko te Rā te pūtake matua o te papatipu nā te mea he tino kaha tōna papatipu—neke atu i te 99% o te papatipu katoa o te pūnaha. Koinei te take e porowhita ana ngā aorangi katoa i te Rā.
Heoi, ehara ngā aorangi i te "pāhihi noho puku". He taumaha anō hoki tō ia aorangi, nō reira ka awe rātou i ngā porowhita o tētahi ki tētahi. Ahakoa he iti ake ngā awe o ngā aorangi i ō te Rā, ka taea e ēnei pānga iti te kohikohi i roto i te wā, ā, ka puta he huringa nui ki te āhua porowhita, te piko o te papa porowhita, tae atu ki te pumau mō te wā roa o te pūnaha.
He aha te hiranga o ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā aorangi?
I te tirohanga tuatahi, he āhua rite tonu ngā porowhita o ngā aorangi, ā, tata kore e rerekē. Engari ki te āta ine tātou i ngā tūranga o ngā aorangi, ka kitea he rerekētanga ngawari mai i ō rātou ara porowhita tino pai. Ka kiia ēnei rerekētanga ko ngā raruraru ā-papa, arā, he raruraru iti ki ngā porowhita i puta mai i te kukume ā-papa o ētahi atu mea—ina koa ko ngā aorangi nunui pērā i a Hūpiter me Hātana.
He mea nui tēnei whakararuraru nā te mea:
1. Te whakatau i te tika o ngā matapae tūranga aorangi. Me whakauru ngā pānga o te kaha ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi ki ngā tātaitanga whakatere ā-mokowā me ngā tātaitanga ara o ngā waka mokowhiti kia tika ai.
2. Te hanga i te hoahoanga o te Pūnaha Rā. Ka pāngia te tawhiti o ngā aorangi, te whitiki asteroid, me te horapa o ngā mea o te Whitiki Kuiper e ngā haruru porowhita me ngā raruraru ā-papa.
3. Ka pā ki te pumau mō te wā roa. I roto i ngā miriona ki ngā piriona tau, ka taea e ngā taunekeneke ā-papa te meinga ngā porowhita kia porowhita ake, kia neke, kia puta rānei ngā tukinga i roto i ngā horopaki tino kino.
Te whakakorikori ā-papa: te kukume iti, te pānga nui
Ina tata rawa ngā aorangi e rua (hei tauira, i te wā e hono ana), ka piki ake te kukume ā-papa i waenganui i a rāua. Ka nui ake ngā raruraru o te aorangi nui. Ko Hūpiter, te aorangi nui rawa atu, he mea nui ki te whakararuraru i te Pūnaha Rā. Ka taea e te kukume a Hūpiter te whakarerekē i ngā porowhita o ngā asteroids, te pā ki ngā comets, me te neke paku i ngā porowhita o ētahi atu aorangi.
Ko tētahi tauira rongonui o te pānga o ngā pōrearea ko te nekehanga o te perihelion o Mercury (te wāhi e tata ana a Mercury ki te Rā). Ko te nuinga o te nekehanga ka taea te whakamārama mā te awe o te kaha ā-papa o ētahi atu aorangi, ahakoa he iti noa te pānga toenga ka whakamāramahia i muri mai e te ariā whānui a Einstein mō te whanaungatanga. E whakaatu ana tēnei kia mārama tika ai tātou ki te nekehanga o te aorangi, me whai whakaaro tātou ki ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā aorangi me te ahupūngao hohonu o te kaha ā-papa.
Te haruru o te porowhita: te "aukati" o te kaha ā-papa
Ka puta te haruru āmiomio ina hanga ngā wā āmiomio o ngā mea e rua i tētahi ōwehenga tau-katoa māmā, pērā i te 2:1, 3:2 rānei. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā kukume ā-papatipu auau i te wāhanga kotahi te whakanui ake i te pānga whakakorikori, pērā i ngā akiaki iti auau i te wā tika.
E rua ngā mea e āhua taupatupatu ana i te āhua o te awhiowhio:
– Te whakau i ngā porowhita. Ko ētahi orooro ka pupuri i te tikanga, ka pupuri i ngā mea ririki i ō rātou ara.
– Ka whakararuraru i ngā porowhita. Ko ētahi haruru ka whakanui ake i te rerekētanga o ngā porowhita, ka taea ai te "maka atu" ngā mea, te tukinga rānei.
I roto i te whitiki asteroid, kei reira ngā "āputa Kirkwood," arā, ngā āputa i roto i te tohatoha asteroid i puta mai i ngā haruru ki a Hūpiter. Ka pāngia ngā asteroid i roto i tētahi awhe haruru e ngā raruraru ā-wā e whakarerekē ana i ō rātou porowhita, ā, ka mutu, ka nekehia atu rātou i te rohe. He tauira mārama tēnei o te āhua o te "whakairo" a ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi i te hanganga o te Pūnaha Rā.
Te whakawhiti pūngao me te nekehanga koki
I roto i tētahi pūnaha tinana-maha (te Rā me ngā aorangi), ka tiakina te pūngao katoa me te nekehanga koki, engari ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i ngā mema o te pūnaha. Ka taea e ngā aorangi te "whakawhiti" i te nekehanga koki tetahi ki tetahi mā roto i ngā taunekeneke ā-papa roa, ka hua ake he huringa iti i roto i ngā huānga porowhita pēnei i:
– Te āhua rerekē (te āhua porowhita o te porowhita)
– Te piko (te piko o te porowhita)
– Rārangi apsis (te ahunga o te tuaka roa o te porowhita)
– Rārangi pūnga (te aronga o te papa porowhita)
He tino puhoi ēnei huringa i te nuinga o te wā, engari i runga i te tauine whetū, ka taea te nui. Koia te take e whakahaerehia ai ngā whakatauira o ngā whanaketanga o te Pūnaha Rā hei ako i te pumau o ngā porowhita o ngā aorangi mō ngā piriona tau.
Te tūranga o ngā aorangi nunui: a Hūpiter rāua ko Hānuere hei "kaihoahoa"
He nui ngā taumaha o Hūpiter rāua ko Hānuere, nō reira ka horapa tawhiti te awe o tō rāua kaha ki te tōpana. E rua ā rāua mahi: i tētahi taha, ka taea e rāua te tiaki i te Pūnaha Rā o roto mā te whakararuraru i ngā ara o ngā kōmete, ka ārai i a rāua kei uru ki te pūnaha o roto. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e rāua te tuku i ētahi mea ki roto mā roto i ngā huringa ā-pōro, ka tū pea hei tūraru tukinga ki ngā aorangi toka pērā i a Papatūānuku.
E whakaatu ana hoki ngā tauira o te hanganga o te Pūnaha Rā, ko te hekenga ā-pōro o ngā aorangi nunui i ngā rā tōmua i āhei ai te whakarite matapōkere i ngā tūranga o ngā mea iti, te neke haere i ngā rauemi, me te whakamārama he aha i iti ake ai te papatipu o te whitiki asteroid i tērā e whakaarohia ana mēnā i "pūmau" te hanganga, kāore he raruraru.
Te taunekeneke o te kaha ā-papa me ngā tai
Ahakoa ko te kaupapa "i waenga i ngā aorangi", he momo taunekeneke nui ngā tai o te kaha ā-papa e puta pinepine ana i roto i ngā pūnaha aorangi-marama, tae atu ki ngā aorangi e tata ana ki ō rātou whetū. Ka puta ngā tai nā te mea he kaha ake te kaha ā-papa i te taha o tētahi mea e tata ana ki te pūtake o te kaha ā-papa, ka puta ai te totoro.
I runga i te tauine aorangi, ka taea e ngā tai te:
– Te whakarerekē i te hurihanga (te whakaroa, te raka rānei i te hurihanga, pērā i te herenga o te Marama ki a Papatūānuku).
– Ka whakaputa i te wera ā-roto (hei tauira tino kino: Ko Io, te marama o Hūpiter, he tino kaha te mahi puia nā te kaha o te tai).
– Te āta huri haere o te tawhiti porowhita (hei tauira, ka neke atu te Marama i te Ao mō ētahi henimita ia tau).
He iti noa iho ngā tai i waenga i ngā aorangi nā te mea he tino tawhiti ngā aorangi, engari e whakaatu ana ngā mātāpono ā-tinana i te kaha o te kaha ā-papatipu ki te whakarerekē i te āhua ā-tinana o ngā tinana o te rangi, ehara i te mea ko ō rātou ara anake.
Ngā raruraru ā-papa me ngā kitenga aorangi
E whakaatu ana te hītori o te arorangi he taputapu "tikitiri" kaha ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi. I kitea te aorangi a Neptune i te rautau 19 nā te mea he rerekē ngā āhua o te porowhita o Uranus kāore i taea e ngā aorangi e mōhiotia ana te whakamārama. Kātahi ka matapaetia e ngā kaipūtaiao te noho mai o tētahi aorangi hou i runga i ēnei raruraru ā-papa—ā, i kitea a Neptune i tata ki tōna tūranga i matapaetia. Koinei tētahi o ngā wikitoria nui o ngā mahi hangarau o te rangi.
I tēnei ao hou, e whakamahia ana ngā tikanga ōrite i roto i ngā rangahau mō ngā aorangi o waho. Ko ngā panonitanga o ngā rerekētanga wā whakawhiti (TTV) o tētahi aorangi e haere ana i mua i tōna whetu ka tohu pea kei te noho mai tētahi atu aorangi e whakararuraru ana i te kaha ā-papa. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko ngā taunekeneke kaha ā-papa anake te whakahaere i te Pūnaha Rā engari he tikanga anō hoki mō te tūhura i ētahi atu ao.
Te pumau o te Pūnaha Rā: he rite tonu, engari kāore i te tino pakari
He pātai whakamere tēnei: he pēhea te pumau o te Pūnaha Rā? I te nuinga o te wā, he tino pumau te hanganga o raro, engari he āhuatanga o te "pōrearea whakatau" i roto i ngā mahi maha-tinana. Ehara te pōrearea i konei i te tikanga o te kore ture matapōkere, engari he tino tairongo ki ngā āhuatanga tīmatanga. Mā ngā huringa iti rawa o te tūranga tīmatanga ka uaua ai ngā matapae ki tawhiti rawa atu i te heke mai.
I roto i ngā tauine wā o ngā miriona tau, he tino taea tonu te matapae i ngā tūranga o ngā aorangi. Heoi, i roto i ngā rau miriona ki ngā piriona tau, ka piki ake te koretake. Heoi anō, e mōhiotia ana, he tino iti te tūponotanga ka huri te Pūnaha Rā hei "pōrearea katoa" i roto i ngā rā tata nei. Ko ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi he tikanga uaua: i ētahi wā ka whakaū, i ētahi wā ka hanga i ngā rerekētanga ngawari, engari i te nuinga ka hua ake he pūnaha tino pakari.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi te pūtake o ngā whanaketanga o te Pūnaha Rā. Ka whakamāramahia e rātou he aha i kore ai e tino pumau ngā porowhita, me pēhea te hanga hanganga o ngā aukume pērā i ngā āputa i roto i te whitiki asteroid, me pēhea te awe o ngā aorangi nunui i ngā tinana iti, me pēhea hoki te ārahi i ngā kitenga aorangi e ngā raruraru porowhita. Ehara te kaha ā-papa i te "tō" noa iho, engari he tukanga tonu e whakahaere ana i ngā manawataki o te ao. Mā te mārama ki ēnei taunekeneke ka āwhina i a tātou ki te pānui i te hītori o te Pūnaha Rā, ki te matapae i ngā nekehanga o ngā tinana o te rangi, tae atu ki te kimi i ngā aorangi i roto i ētahi atu pūnaha whetū. I roto i tēnei tō puku engari tonu, ka mau tonu te Pūnaha Rā i tōna raupapatanga—he taurite hihiri whakamīharo.
