Te Whitiki Asteroid i roto i te Pūnaha Rā
Ko te whitiki asteroid tētahi o ngā hanganga tino whakamīharo o te pūnaha rā, e tiaki ana i ngā "poraka hanga" i mahue mai i te hanganga o ngā aorangi. Ina whakaaro tātou ki te whitiki asteroid, he maha ngā wā ka puta ake he whakaahua o tētahi rohe toka matotoru, morearea, e piri tahi ana, he rite ki tētahi mea i roto i tētahi kiriata pūtaiao pakiwaitara. Ko te mea pono, he nui ake te tuwhera o te whitiki asteroid i te mea e whakaarohia ana: he whānui te tawhiti toharite i waenga i ngā asteroid, e iti ai te tūponotanga o te tukinga tika. Ahakoa rā, he mea nui tonu tēnei rohe ki te pūtaiao, e mahi ana hei pūranga taiao e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hanganga me te whanaketanga o te pūnaha rā.
He aha te whitiki asteroid?
Ko te whitiki asteroid he rohe i roto i te pūnaha rā e kī ana i ngā mea iti, toka, me te konganuku e porowhita ana i te Rā, kei waenganui i ngā porowhita o Mars me Jupiter. Ka kiia ēnei mea he asteroid, he aorangi iti rānei. Ko ō rātou rahi kei waenganui i ētahi mita noa iho ki ngā rau kiromita. I te nuinga o te wā, ka toro atu te whitiki asteroid matua i te tawhiti o te 2,1 ki te 3,3 ngā waeine whetū (AU) mai i te Rā (he rite te 1 AU ki te tawhiti toharite o te Ao-Rā o te 150 miriona km).
Kei roto i tēnei whitiki he miriona ngā asteroids, engari he iti ake te taumaha katoa i tō te aorangi. Ko te taumaha katoa o te whitiki asteroid katoa he torutoru ōrau noa iho o te taumaha o te Marama. E tohu ana tēnei, ahakoa te nui o te maha, he iti, he marara hoki ngā asteroids takitahi.
Te pūtake o te whitiki asteroid
Ko tētahi pātai tawhito mō te whitiki asteroid koia tēnei: he aha i kore ai ngā aorangi i hangaia ki reira? I te tīmatanga o te pūnaha rā, tata ki te 4,6 piriona tau ki muri, i huihui te hau me te puehu i roto i te kōpae protoplanetary hei aorangi, ko ētahi o ēnei i whanake hei aorangi. I te rohe i waenganui i a Māte me Hūpiter, i tika kia puta anō tēnei tukanga, engari he kaha rawa te kukume a Jupiter. Nā te kukume a te kaha o tēnei hau nui i hanga he raruraru ā-aorangi me ngā haruru i whakanui ake i te tere o ngā tukinga i waenganui i ngā aorangi. Nō reira, i te kore e huihui me te tipu, he maha ngā mea i pakaru me te pakaru, ā, ka hua ake he taupori asteroid e kitea ana e tātou i ēnei rā.
Arā, ka taea te kī ko te whitiki asteroid he "rohe whanaketanga" kua whakararuraruhia. Kei reira ngā poraka hanga o ngā aorangi, engari kāore te taiao hihiri e pumau mō te tipu tonu o ngā aorangi nunui.
Hanganga me ngā āhuatanga: ehara i te mea he "kohinga toka" noa iho
Ehara te whitiki asteroid i te rohe ōrite. Ko ētahi wāhanga he "korekore" ake, ko ētahi he "kikī ake" nā te awe o te haruru ā-papa o Hūpiter. Ko tētahi āhuatanga rongonui ko ngā āputa Kirkwood, arā, he āputa i waenganui i ngā rōpū asteroid i ētahi tawhiti mai i te Rā. Ka puta mai ēnei āputa i ngā haruru ā-porowhita: hei tauira, i ētahi wāhi, ka porowhita ngā asteroid i te Rā me ngā wā he ōwehenga ngāwari ki te wā o Hūpiter (pēnei i te 3:1, 5:2, me ētahi atu). Mā ēnei haruru ka kore e pumau ngā porowhita o ngā asteroid i te wā roa, ka tangohia atu i aua wāhi.
Hei tāpiritanga, kei reira ngā whānau asteroid, arā, ngā rōpū asteroid he rite ngā tawhā porowhita, ā, e whakaarohia ana i ahu mai i tētahi tinana matua kotahi i pakaru nā te pānga nui. Mā te ako i ēnei whānau, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whai i te hītori tukinga o te whitiki asteroid me te whakatau tata i te pakeke o ngā huihuinga pakaru.
Ngā tāngata whenua nui rawa atu: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, me Hygiea
He nui, he kitea hoki ētahi o ngā mea kei roto i te whitiki asteroid. Ko te mea rongonui ko Ceres, e kiia ana he aorangi iti. Ko te whānui o Ceres he 940 km pea, ā, e whakaatu ana i ngā taunakitanga o te hukapapa wai me ngā tukanga matawhenua pea i mua. He mea whakamere a Ceres nā te mea e hono ana i te āputa i waenga i ngā ao toka me ngā ao hukapapa: ehara i te mea "maroke" pērā i ētahi asteroid, engari kāore hoki i te tino hukapapa pērā i ngā amiorangi aorangi o waho.
Haunga a Ceres, kei reira a Vesta me Pallas, e rua ngā whetū nui kua roa e tirohia ana. He mea nui a Vesta nā te mea he rerekētanga ā-roto tōna—he rite ki tētahi aorangi iti—ā, e whakaarohia ana koinei te pūtake o ētahi whetū i kitea i runga i te Ao. I awhitia a Vesta me Ceres e te misioni ātea a NASA, a Dawn, e mahere ana i ō rāua mata, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga taipitopito mō ō rāua hanganga me te hītori.
Te hanganga o te whetūrangi: he nui ngā momo, he nui ngā mōhiohio
Kāore e rite ana ngā asteroids katoa. I runga i ō rātou whānuitanga mārama me ngā āhuatanga whakaata (albedo), ka whakarōpūhia ngā asteroids ki ētahi momo matua:
1. Momo C (waro): he nui te waro, he pouri te tae, ā, ko te momo tino kitea i roto i te whitiki. He maha e whakaarohia ana kei roto i ngā rauemi taketake o te pūnaha rā o mua.
2. Momo S (kirika): kanapa ake, he nui ngā kohuke silika me te nikara-rino.
3. Momo M (whakarewa): ko te nuinga o te whakarewa, inā koa te rino me te nikara, e whakaarohia ana ko ngā toenga o te uho o tētahi mea i wehewehea, kātahi ka whakangaromia.
Ko tēnei kanorau o ngā hanganga e kī ana he "whare taonga" te whitiki asteroid i te ao tūroa. Ko ētahi asteroid kāore i rerekē mai i te tīmatanga o te pūnaha rā, ko ētahi ia kua pāngia e te wera nui, te rerekētanga, me ngā tukinga.
Te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā meteorite me te ora i runga i te whenua
Ko ētahi o ngā meteoriti e taka ana ki te Ao i ahu mai i te whitiki asteroid. Ka taea e ngā tukinga i roto i te whitiki te whakaputa i ngā kongakonga iti, ka panaia e te kaha ā-papa me ngā āhuatanga irahiko (pērā i te pānga o Yarkovsky), ka whakarerekē i ō rātou ara porowhita, me ētahi ara e tomo ana ki te porowhita o te Ao. Mā te ako i ngā meteoriti i roto i te taiwhanga, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te ako i te hanganga matū me te pakeketanga o ngā rauemi o te pūnaha rā me te kore e tuku tonu i ngā misioni ki ngā asteroid.
I tua atu, kua whakapaetia ko ngā mea pūngāwerewere pēnei i te wai me ngā ngota waro i tukuna pea ki te Ao taitamariki mā roto i ngā pānga mai i ngā tinana iti, tae atu ki ētahi asteroids whai wai. Ahakoa he mahi nui anō tā ngā comets, he maha ngā wā ka kiia ngā asteroids momo-C he kaikawe pea i ngā rauemi i whai wāhi ki te hanganga o ngā taiao nohoia.
Te riri o te whetū whetu: he pēhea te mōrearea?
He maha ngā wā e hono ana te whitiki asteroid ki te riri o te pānga ki a Papatūānuku. He mea nui kia wehewehea: ko te nuinga o ngā asteroid kei roto tonu i te whitiki, ā, kāore e whakatata atu ki Papatūānuku. Ko ngā Mea Tata ki te Papatūānuku (NEO), arā, ngā asteroid, ngā kōmete rānei e whakatata atu ana ō rātou porowhita ki ō Papatūānuku. Ko ētahi NEO i ahu mai i te whitiki asteroid, nā te mea i panaia ki waho e te haruru o Hūpiter, e ētahi atu taunekeneke ā-papa rānei.
Kua kitea e ngā mahi tirotiro rangi hou he maha ngā NEO, ā, kua tatauhia hoki ngā tūponotanga pānga. Ko te rongo pai ko te nuinga o ngā mea nunui e kaha ana ki te whakararu i te ao whānui kua kitea, kua aroturukihia hoki. Heoi, kei te mau tonu te wero o te kimi i ngā mea tekau ki te rau mita te rahi—he nui hei whakararu i te rohe—ina koa mēnā i ahu mai i ngā ahunga uaua ki te mātakitaki, pērā i te taha o te Rā.
Nō reira, kei te tere haere te whanaketanga o ngā rangahau parepare aorangi, tae atu ki te hangarau whakahuri ara i whakamatautauria i roto i te misioni DART (NASA), i angitu ai te whakarerekē i te porowhita o tētahi asteroid iti mā roto i ngā pānga nekeneke.
Te whitiki asteroid me te heke mai o te tūhuratanga
Haunga tōna hiranga mō te pūtaiao me te haumaru, he mea nui anō hoki te whitiki asteroid mō te heke mai o te tūhuratanga ātea me te ōhanga. Kei roto i ētahi asteroid he konganuku utu nui me ngā rauemi ka taea te whakamahi, pērā i te rino, te nikara, me te wai pea i te āhua o te hukapapa. He tino nui te wai i te ātea nā te mea ka taea te wehewehe hei hauwai me te hāora hei wahie rōkete, hei whakamahi rānei hei tautoko i te ora.
Ahakoa kei te aro tonu te ariā o te keri asteroid ki ngā wero hangarau, utu, me ngā wero ture o te ao, kei te haere tonu te rangahau mō ngā rauemi asteroid. I taua wā anō, kei te kawe mai ngā misioni pēnei i a OSIRIS-REx me Hayabusa i ngā tauira asteroid ki te Ao, e arahi ana i tētahi wā hou o te "matawhenua ātea" i runga i ngā tauira o te ao tūturu.
Te Katinga
Ko te whitiki asteroid he rohe matua i roto i te pūnaha rā e pupuri ana i ngā tohu mō ngā rā o mua: te hanganga o ngā aorangi, te whanaketanga o ngā matū, me te āhua o te hanga a ngā tukinga i te taiao e kitea ana e tātou i ēnei rā. I waenganui i a Mars me Jupiter, e miriona ngā tinana iti e rere ana, he toenga o ngā tukanga aorangi kāore i oti te hanga i tētahi aorangi. Mai i te aorangi iti a Ceres, he whānau asteroid i whānau mai i ngā tukinga tawhito, ki ngā meteorite kua taka ki te Ao, ā, kua noho hei taonga ako, ka hono te whitiki asteroid i te hītori o te pūnaha rā ki te oranga hou o tō tātou ao. Mā te torotoro haere tonu, ehara i te mea he taonga whakamīharo te whitiki asteroid, engari he taiwhanga taiao anō hoki, ā, tera pea he rauemi mō te ao tangata i tua atu i te Ao i tētahi rā.
