Te Tūranga o te Āhuatanga o te Ao i roto i te Hanganga o te Aorangi
Ko te kaha ā-papa te "kaihoahoa" matua e hanga ana i te pūnaha rā me ōna aorangi. Ka mahi puku tēnei kaha engari he rite tonu, ka kukume i te matū mai i te tauine o ngā kongakonga puehu ki ngā kohatu nunui hei aorangi pumau e porowhita ana i ngā whetū. Ki te kore he kaha ā-papa, e kore rawa te hau me te puehu o te ao e hono hei mea nui ake; ka noho marara noa atu rātou puta noa i te wāhi. Hei mārama ki te hanganga o ngā aorangi, me tirotiro tātou i te mahi a te kaha ā-papa mai i ngā wāhanga tuatahi o te whānautanga o tētahi pūnaha aorangi tae noa ki tōna pakeketanga.
1. Ngā kapua ngota me te tīmatanga o te hinganga o te matū
Ka tīmata te hanganga o te aorangi i mua noa atu i te hanganga o ngā aorangi—i mua noa atu i te hanganga o ngā whetū. Kei roto i te wāhi i waenganui i ngā whetū ngā kapua ngota, ngā kohinga hau (ko te hauwai me te hēriuma te nuinga) me te puehu moroiti. He tino makariri, he ngoikore hoki ēnei kapua, engari ka taea e rātou te tino nui. I tētahi wā, ka taea e te kapua ngota te noho pūmau. He maha ngā take e puta ai te pūmau: ngā ngaru ru mai i tētahi supernova tata, ngā tukinga i waenga i ngā kapua, ngā raruraru ā-papa rānei i puta mai i te haerenga atu o tētahi atu whetū.
Ina nui te matotoru o tētahi wāhanga o te kapua, ka tīmata te kaha ā-papa ki te "toa" i te pēhanga wera e ngana ana ki te hora i te rauemi. Ka puta te hinganga o te kaha ā-papa: ka kumea te rauemi ki waenganui, ka hanga he uho e piki haere ana te matotoru. Koinei te wāhanga tuatahi o te hanganga o tētahi whetu pūmua—he whetu ā muri ake nei—ka noho hei pokapū o tētahi pūnaha aorangi.
2. Te kaha ā-papa me te hanganga o ngā kōpae protoplanetary
Kāore te hinganga e puta tika ki waenganui pērā i te hinganga noa. He iti noa te hurihanga o ngā kapua ngota. I te hinganga o te matū, ka tere ake tēnei hurihanga nā te pupuri i te nekehanga koki (he rite ki te tangata reti e kukume ana i ōna ringa hei tere ake i tana hurihanga). Nō reira, kāore te matū e hinga ana e pā tonu ki waenganui engari ka horapa hei hanga i tētahi hanganga papatahi, hurihuri: he kōpae protoplanetary.
Koinei te wāhi e rua ngā mahi a te kaha ā-papa. Tuatahi, ka pupuri te kaha ā-papa o te whetu matua i ngā rauemi i roto i te kōpae kia piri tahi, ā, ka ārai i te mawhiti ki te wāhi i waenganui i ngā whetu. Tuarua, ka āwhina te kaha ā-papa i waenga i ngā matūriki i roto i te kōpae i te tīmatanga o te piri tahi o ngā rauemi. He "wheketere" aorangi te kōpae matua o te ao, e taunekeneke ai te hau me te puehu mō ngā miriona tau.
3. Mai i te puehu ki ngā aorangi: te kaha ā-papa hei kāpia
I ngā wāhanga tōmua o te kōpae, ka tukinga ngā matūriki puehu, ka piri tahi nā te kaha hiko me te "piripiri" i runga i ngā mata moroiti. Heoi, hei neke atu i ngā matūriki puehu ki ngā mea nunui ake, ka riro i te kaha o te kaha ā-papa. Ina nui ngā puranga (mai i ngā mita ki ngā kiromita), ka nui te kukume a te kaha ā-papa i tō rātou papatipu. Ka kiia ēnei mea he planetesimals.
He rite te mahi a te kaha ā-papatipu ki te kāpia o te ao tūroa: ka whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o ngā tukinga kia "whakanui" (tāpiri papatipu) kaua ki te peke tetahi ki tetahi, ki te whakangaro rānei. Hei tāpiri, he pānga nui kei te kiia ko te arotahi kaha ā-papatipu: ka whakawhanuihia e te kukume kaha ā-papatipu te "whakawhitinga whai hua" o te mea, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka hopukina e ia ētahi atu mea e tata ana.
4. Te oma whakaemi: te whānautanga o te kukune aorangi
I muri i te hanganga o ngā aorangi iti, ka uru pea te tukanga tipu ki te wāhanga o te tipu tere. He kaha ake te kaha o te kaha ā-papatipu o tētahi mea nui ake, ka taea ai e ia te hopu i ngā rauemi maha atu, ā, ka nui ake te tipu. Ka tere te kaha o ngā rerekētanga iti o te papatipu. Mā tēnei ka whānau mai ngā kukune aorangi, ngā protoplanet rānei, he mea rite te rahi ki te Marama, ki a Māterangi rānei, e haere tonu ana ki te hopu i ngā rauemi i tō rātou ara.
Heoi, kāore te tipu e tere haere tonu. I te tīmatanga o te mana o ngā aorangi matua ki ō rātou rohe porowhita, ka piki ake te tere o ngā tukinga, ā, ka heke te nui o ngā rauemi e wātea ana. Ka huri tēnei wāhanga ki te tipu oligarchic: he maha ngā aorangi matua nui (ngā "oligarchs") ka tipu tahi, ka awe tetahi ki tetahi me te whakahaere i ō rātou rohe.
5. Ka hangaia e te kaha ā-papa te hanganga o te porowhita
Ehara i te mea ko te papatipu anake te kaupapa o ngā aorangi, engari ko te porowhita anō hoki. Mā te kaha ā-papatipu o te whetū ka noho tonu ngā aorangi ki te porowhita, ā, mā ngā taunekeneke kaha ā-papatipu i waenga i ngā aorangi tuatahi me ētahi atu aorangi ka whakatau mēnā he pumau, he pōrearea rānei ngā porowhita.
I te wā e hangaia ana, ka pāngia ngā aorangi matua e te tō me te taipana hau mai i te kōpae. Ka taea e tēnei te heke, arā, he nekehanga i roto i ō rātou porowhita ki roto, ki waho rānei. Ka puta te heke nā te whakawhitiwhiti o te nekehanga koki i waenga i te aorangi me te kōpae hau, he pānga ā-papatipu tēnei. He maha ngā pūnaha aorangi kua kitea e whakaatu ana i ngā aorangi nunui e tata ana ki ō rātou whetū (ngā Hūpiter wera), e whakapaetia ana kua hangaia ki waho atu, kātahi ka heke ki roto.
Haunga te hekenga, ka taea hoki e te kaha ā-papa te hopu i ngā aorangi i roto i ngā aukume ā-porowhita, arā, he tauira ā-wā, pērā i te 2:1, 3:2 rānei, ina "maukati" ngā aorangi e rua i te awe o tētahi ki tētahi, ka whakau i ō rātou porowhita i roto i tētahi ōwehenga motuhake. Ka kitea ēnei aukume i roto i ētahi pūnaha marama o Hūpiter me ngā pūnaha ā-waho o ngā aorangi.
6. Te kaha ā-papa me ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā aorangi toka me ngā aorangi hau nunui
He aha i kitea ai ngā aorangi iti, toka (pēnei i a Papatūānuku me Māte) me ngā aorangi nunui (pēnei i a Hūpiter me Hānuere)? He mahi anō tā te kaha ā-papa, me te pāmahana me te tohatoha o ngā mea i roto i te kōpae.
I roto i te kōpae o roto, e tata ana ki te whetū, ka uaua te tio o ngā matū pūngāwerewere (hei tauira, te wai, te methane, te haukini) nā te pāmahana teitei. He iti noa iho ngā rauemi toka me ngā rauemi whakarewa e toe ana hei hanga aorangi. Nō reira, kāore i te nui te rahi o ngā aorangi tuatahi i tēnei rohe hei kukume me te pupuri i te hau matotoru.
Kei tua atu i tēnei rohe ko te "rārangi hukarere," te rohe e iti ai te pāmahana mō te hanga hukapapa. Ka tāpirihia e te huka he nui o te papatipu totoka e wātea ana. Ka taea e te pūtake o te aorangi te tipu tere, ka eke ki te papatipu tino nui ka taea e tōna kaha te kukume i te nui o te hauwai me te hau heriuma mai i te kōpae. Koinei te kī ki te whānautanga o tētahi hau nui: mā te kaha o te kaha o te pūtake ka taea te kohikohi tere i te hau i mua i te paunga o te hau kōpae.
7. Ngā tukinga nunui me te otinga o te hanganga o te aorangi
I ngā wāhanga whakamutunga, ina angiangi te hau kōpae, ā, kua huri te nuinga o te papatipu totoka hei aorangi matua, kāore anō te pūnaha kia "noho." Ka taea e te kaha taumaha i waenga i ngā aorangi matua te whakararu i ō rātou porowhita, ka puta ai ngā tukinga nui. E whakaponohia ana he maha ngā āhuatanga nui i hangaia e ēnei tukinga: hei tauira, ko te whakapae pānga nui e whakamārama ana i te takenga mai o te Marama, i te wā i tukinga ai tētahi mea rite te rahi ki a Māte (e kiia ana ko Theia) ki te Ao taitamariki, ka hangaia e ōna para he kōpae, ā, ka honoa ki te Marama.
Ka taea e ngā tukinga nui te whakaputa i ngā aorangi he rerekē ngā matua, he tere ngā hurihuri, he tino piko ngā tuaka, tae noa ki te tango i te koroka o te aorangi. Anō, ko te kaha ā-papa te take: te kaha e whakahaere ana i te ara, te tere o te tukinga, me te kaha o ngā para ki te whakakotahi anō.
8. Te kaha ā-papatipu i muri i te hanganga o te aorangi: te horoi me te pumau
Kāore te aorangi "kua hangaia" e mutu noa te tipu; ka horoia hoki tōna porowhita. Mēnā he nui te taumaha, ka whakakorea e te aorangi ngā planetare e toe ana i roto i ngā huarahi e toru: te tukinga ki a rātou, te pei atu i a rātou i te pūnaha, te whakarerekē rānei i tōna porowhita kia kore ai e whiti atu. Koinei tētahi take e whakanui ana te whakamāramatanga hou o te aorangi i te kaha ki te "whakakore i te rohe porowhita."
Mō te wā roa, ko te pumau o tētahi pūnaha aorangi ka whakatauhia e te kaha ā-papatipu. Ka taea e ngā taunekeneke iti te kohikohi i roto i ngā miriona, i ngā piriona tau rānei, i ētahi wā ka huri i ngā āhua rerekē me ngā piko o te porowhita, ka puta rānei he kore pumau ka panaia ai ngā aorangi. I roto i te maha o ngā pūnaha, inā koa ko ērā he tata ngā aorangi, ko te taurite ngawari o te kaha ā-papatipu ka whakatau mēnā ka ora, ka hinga rānei te pūnaha.
Whakamutunga
Ko te kaha ā-papa te kaha matua e huri ana i ngā mea o te ao marara hei aorangi hanganga. Ka whakaoho i te hinganga o ngā kapua ngota, ka hanga i ngā kōpae protoplanetary, ka taea ai te whakakotahi i te puehu me ngā toka hei planetesimal, ka tere ake te pikinga ki ngā protoplanets, ka whakahaere i te hekenga me te haruru o te ara iahiko, me te whakatau mena ka taea e te aorangi te huri hei hau nui, ka noho toka rānei. Ahakoa i muri i te hanganga o ngā aorangi, ka haere tonu te kaha ā-papa ki te hanga i te whanaketanga o te pūnaha mā roto i ngā tukinga, te whakamārama i te ara iahiko, me ngā hihiri mō te wā roa.
Ara, ko ia aorangi he hua o te kaha ā-papatipu—he kaha ngāwari noa iho, i roto i te wā me ngā taunekeneke uaua, kua waihanga i te kanorau nui o ngā ao o te ao tūroa.
