Te Āhuatanga Āmiomio i roto i ngā Pūnaha Aorangi
Ko te haruru o te porowhita tētahi o ngā "reo huna" e whakamahia ana e te kaha ā-papa hei hanga i te hoahoa o ngā pūnaha aorangi. E whakamārama ana tēnei he aha ētahi marama e mauheretia ana ki roto i ngā tauira porowhita motuhake, he aha ngā āputa o ngā mowhiti aorangi, me te aha hoki ētahi pūnaha o waho o te aorangi e āhua rite ana ki te tauine puoro. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou he aha te haruru o te porowhita, me pēhea te hanga, ōna pānga, me ngā tauira nui i roto i tō tātou Pūnaha Rā me tua atu.
He aha te haruru o te orbital?
I roto i ngā kupu māmā noa, ka puta te haruru porowhita ina rua (neke atu rānei) ngā tinana rangi e porowhita ana i tētahi tinana matua—hei tauira, he aorangi e porowhita ana i tētahi whetu, he marama rānei e porowhita ana i tētahi aorangi—he wā porowhita e hanga ana i tētahi ōwehenga tau katoa māmā. Ko ētahi tauira ko te 2:1, 3:2, 4:3 rānei. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ōwehenga, hei tauira, i roto i te haruru 2:1, ka oti i tētahi mea ngā hurihanga porowhita e rua i te wā kotahi e oti ai i tētahi atu mea te hurihanga kotahi.
He aha te hiranga o ngā ōwehenga tauoti? Nā te mea i raro i ēnei āhuatanga, ka kitea tonutia ngā mea i roto i ngā whirihoranga āhuahanga ōrite e pā ana ki a rātou anō. Nō reira, ko te iti o te kukume ā-papa e puta ana i ia tūtakitanga ka "pūrua" i te wā ōrite, ka taea ai te kohikohi i te pānga i roto i te wā. Koinei te mauri o te haruru: te whakanui ake i te awe ā-papa mā te pūruatanga auau.
Me pēhea te hanganga o te haruru?
Ko ngā haruru āmiomio ka puta ake i roto i tētahi tukanga roa o te whanaketanga hihiri. He maha ngā tikanga matua:
1. Te hekenga ā-pōkai i roto i te kōpae protoplanetary
I ngā rā tōmua o tētahi pūnaha aorangi, ka hangaia ngā aorangi taitamariki i roto i tētahi kōpae hau me te puehu. Ka taea e ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi me te kōpae te mea kia neke haere pōturi ō rātou porowhita (hekenga). Mena ka heke ngā aorangi e rua i ngā tere rerekē, ka taea e rāua te "whakatata" kia tae rā anō ki tētahi ōwehenga wā māmā. Ina tupu tēnei, ka taea e te haruru te "hopu" me te pupuri i tētahi takirua aorangi pumau.
2. Te marara o te pūngao me ngā kaha tai
I roto i ngā pūnaha marama-aorangi, ka taea e ngā tai te whakarerekē āta i te tawhiti o te aorangi. Ka taea e te marama te neke tata atu, te neke tawhiti atu rānei i te aorangi matua. I roto i ēnei huringa, ka taea te hanga i ngā haruru i waenganui i ngā marama.
3. Te marara me te whakaritenga anō o te kaha ā-papa
I ētahi wā ka puta he āhua hou i ngā taunekeneke pōrearea i waenga i ngā aorangi (ka "tutaki" ngā aorangi tetahi ki tetahi mā te kaha ā-papa). I muri i te memeha o te wā pōrearea, ka noho ētahi pūnaha ki te āhua pumau.
Ngā momo orooro ā-porowhita
Kāore te haruru e herea ki te āhua kotahi. I roto i ngā mahi ā-porowhita, he maha ngā momo e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana:
– Te haruru nekehanga-waenga
Koinei te mea tino kitea: ko te ōwehenga o ngā wā porowhita e tata ana ki te ōwehenga tauoti māmā (hei tauira, 2:1, 3:2). Ka pā tēnei auorotanga ki te wā porowhita me te wāhanga tūtakitanga.
– Te haruru o te ao tūroa
Ko te mea "tūhonohono" i konei ehara i te wā porowhita, engari ko te tere o te huringa o ngā huānga porowhita pērā i te hekenga o te rārangi apsis (te nekehanga i te ahunga o te periapsis) me te papa porowhita rānei. Ka taea e ngā auorotanga ā-ao te whakanui haere i te āhua rerekē, te piko rānei o te porowhita i roto i ngā wā roa.
– Te haruru tinana-toru
I ētahi wā e toru ngā mea e uru ana ki te whanaungatanga haruru i te wā kotahi, ka hanga he āhuatanga uaua ake engari he tino hira i roto i ētahi pūnaha amiorangi.
Te pānga o te haruru: te pumau, te pōrearea rānei?
E kiia ana te haruru hei "piripiri" e pupuri ana i te pumau, engari ka taea hoki e ia te waiho hei pūtake o te ngangau. Ko tōna pānga kei runga i te horopaki.
1. Whakanuia te pumau mo te wa roa
I ētahi whirihoranga, ka ārai te haruru i ngā tūtakitanga tata morearea. Nā te mea kua raka te wāhanga o te tūtakitanga, ka "ārai" te aorangi, te marama rānei i ētahi tūranga ka raru pea. Nā ngā haruru pēnei kua āwhina i te pūnaha kia ora mō ngā piriona tau.
2. Whakanuia te āhua rerekē, ā, whakaohokia te wera o te tai
Ka taea e te haruru te whakanui ake i te āhua rerekē (he porowhita porowhita ake). Ka puta he kaha tai rerekē i roto i te porowhita porowhita, ka puta he panoni ā-wā i te tinana rangi. Ka hurihia e tēnei panoni te pūngao miihini ki te wera ā-roto. Ka taea e ngā pānga te tino nui: ngā mahi puia, ngā moana o raro i te mata, ngā huringa whenua nui rānei.
3. Te waihanga i ngā āputa me ngā hanganga i roto i te mowhiti, i te whitiki rānei o te asteroid
Ka taea e ngā haruru i waenga i ngā matūriki iti me ngā aorangi nunui te tango i ngā matūriki mai i ētahi wāhi, ka hanga he "āputa" e kitea ana.
4. Hei ara ki te kore pumau
Ka taupatupatu ētahi orooro, ka hanga he whenua porotaka. Ka taea te pana i ngā mea iti pēnei i ngā asteroids ki roto i ngā porowhita e whiti ana i te porowhita o te aorangi, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te tukinga.
Ngā tauira o te haruru i roto i te Pūnaha Rā
1) Te oro o Io–Europa–Ganymede 4:2:1 (te oro o Laplace)
Ko ngā marama nui e toru o Hūpiter—ko Io, ko Europa, me Ganymede—e mau ana i roto i te ōwehenga o te haruru 4:2:1. Ko te tikanga tēnei, mō ia porowhita ka porowhita kotahi a Ganymede, ka rua a Europa, ā, ka porowhita whā (tata ki te kotahi) a Io. He tauira tino nui tēnei o te haruru tinana-toru.
Ko te hua nui: Ka mau tonu te āhua rerekē o te porowhita o Io, ka taea ai e ngā kaha tai o Hūpiter te whakamahana tonu i te roto o Io. Nō reira, ko Io te tinana puia rawa atu i roto i te Pūnaha Rā. Ka pāngia hoki a Europa e te wera tai, e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te moana o raro i te mata—tētahi o ngā wāhi tino whai hua mō te rapu i ngā āhuatanga noho i tua atu o te Ao.
2) Purūtō–Neptunu i te oro 3:2
Ka porowhita a Purūtō i te Rā i roto i te ōwehenga 3:2 ki a Neptun. E rua ngā porowhita ka oti i a Purūtō, e toru ia ki a Neptun. Ahakoa e hono ana te porowhita o Purūtō ki te porowhita o Neptun, ka ārai te ōwehenga i a rāua kia kaua e tukinga: mā te āhua o te āhua ka noho a Purūtō ki tētahi tūranga haumaru ina tata a Neptun ki te pūwāhi "tērā pea he morearea".
He mea noa anō hoki tēnei haruru i roto i ētahi atu mea o te Kuiper Belt e kiia nei ko ngā "plutino".
3) Te Āputa o Kirkwood i roto i te whitiki asteroid
I roto i te whitiki asteroid i waenganui i a Mars me Jupiter, he āputa (ngā āputa Kirkwood) kei ētahi tawhiti mai i te Rā. Ko te nuinga o ēnei āputa i puta mai i ngā haruru nekehanga toharite ki a Jupiter, pērā i te haruru 3:1, 2:1 rānei. Ka pāngia ngā asteroid i roto i ēnei haruru e ngā raruraru maha ka taea te whakanui ake i tō rātou āhua rerekē tae noa ki te kore e pumau ō rātou porowhita, ā, ka "mawhiti" i te rohe.
4) Te haruru i roto i ngā mowhiti o Hātana
Ko te hanganga angiangi o ngā mowhiti o Hātana, tae atu ki ētahi taha koi me ngā ngaru mātotoru, he nui te pānga o ngā pānga ki ngā marama o Hātana. Ko ngā kukume ā-pūmau o ngā marama ka whakairo i ngā tauira i roto i ngā matūriki mowhiti, e tohu ana ehara i te mea he āhuatanga aorangi nui noa iho ngā pānga, engari he mahi anō hoki i runga i te tauine matūriki iti.
Te haruru i roto i ngā pūnaha o waho o te aorangi
E whakaatu ana ngā tirohanga ki ngā aorangi o waho he kaupapa noa te haruru. Ko ētahi pūnaha aorangi kiato he aorangi e tata ana ngā wā ki a rātou anō mā te ōwehenga māmā, e tohu ana i te hekenga me te hopunga haruru o mua. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko TRAPPIST-1, kei reira ētahi aorangi e hanga ana i tētahi mekameka o ngā wā tata haruru. Ahakoa kāore i te tino tauoti tonu, he nui tēnei tata hei tohu i te awe kaha o ngā hihiri haruru.
He pai hoki ngā mekameka whakapūmau mō ngā kaipūtaiao ki te ine i ngā papatipu o ngā aorangi mā roto i ngā rerekētanga wā whakawhiti (TTV). Ina taupatupatu ngā aorangi tetahi ki tetahi, ka rerekē tonu ō rātou wā whakawhiti. Ka mahi tēnei tauira hei "tohu matimati" whakapūmau ka taea te whakamahi hei whakatau i ngā tawhā pūnaha.
He aha te hiranga o te haruru o te orbital?
He mea nui te haruru o te orbital nā te mea:
– Whakamāramahia te hanganga me te pumau mō te wā roa o ngā pūnaha aorangi.
– He pūtake o te weranga tai, ka taea te waihanga i tētahi taiao whenua hohe, tae atu ki tētahi nohoanga pea.
– Te hanga whenua hihiri i runga i ngā whitiki asteroid me ngā mowhiti aorangi.
– He tohu tēnei mō te hītori o te hanganga o tētahi aorangi mā roto i ngā hekenga me ngā taunekeneke o mua.
– He āwhina i ngā tikanga mō te ine i te papatipu me ngā taunekeneke i roto i ngā pūnaha o waho o te aorangi.
Te Katinga
E whakaatu ana ngā harurutanga porowhita ehara ngā pūnaha aorangi i te kohinga noa o ngā tinana nekeneke noa, engari he whatunga o te kanikani ā-pūngao kua whakaritea, engari he pakarukaru. I ngā ōwehenga ā-wā iti, ka taea e ngā tōia iti, auau te mahi hei "mīhini" ao e whakamahana ana i ngā marama, e whakarite ana i ngā mowhiti, e takoto kau ana i te whitiki asteroid, ā, e ārai ana hoki i ngā tinana e rua kia kaua e tukinga. Mai i a Io, e mura ana i te puia, ki a Pluto, e mau ana i roto i tana awhi haruru ki a Neptune, ko ngā harurutanga porowhita he mea nui ki te mārama me pēhea te whakatū me te pupuri i te tikanga o te ao i waenganui i ngā whanaketanga uaua.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi hoahoa ariā (i roto i te whakaahuatanga), te tātai taketake mō te auautanga nekehanga toharite, te whakawhānui rānei i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi putanga hangarau ake me te matapaki i ngā Hamiltonian māmā me ngā tauira o ngā tataunga ōwehenga wā.
