Te Mata o Mercury i roto i ngā Akoranga Tātai Whetu
Ko Merkuri te aorangi e tata rawa ana ki te Rā, ā, ko tētahi o ngā mea tino uaua ki te ako i roto i te ao whetū. Nā tōna tata ki te Rā, he uaua ki te tirotiro mai i te Ao, nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka rukuhia e te kanapa o te Rā, ā, ka kitea noa i ngā wā motuhake—i te atatu, i te ahiahi rānei. Heoi, ahakoa ēnei herenga, kei a Merkuri ngā tohu nui mō te hītori tōmua o te Pūnaha Rā. Nā tōna mata kōhao, ōna hapa nunui, me ōna tauira whenua ahurei, he taiwhanga tūturu tēnei mō te mārama ki ngā tukanga e hanga ana i ngā aorangi toka.
Ngā āhuatanga whānui o te mata o Mercury
I te tirohanga tuatahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakaritea te mata o Mereki ki te mata o te Marama. Kei runga i ngā rua e rua ngā rua i puta mai i ngā meteoroid me ngā asteroid, ā, he angiangi rawa ngā āhuarangi. Heoi, he āhua papatahi noa iho ēnei āhuatanga ōrite. E whakaatu ana te tātari i te matawhenua o te aorangi he hītori motuhake kei roto a Mereki, tae atu ki te whanaketanga wera me te tectonic nui ake. Ko te whānui o Mereki e 4.880 km te rahi—he nui ake i te Marama, engari he iti iho i a Māta. Ahakoa tōna rahi iti, he nui rawa te uho rino o Mereki, e whakaarohia ana koinei te nuinga o tōna rahinga. Ka pā tēnei ki tōna kaha ā-papa, tōna papa aukume, ā, i te mutunga, ki tōna āhua mata.
Kei te mata o Mercury he ranunga o ngā mania whānui, ngā takotoranga pānga nunui, ngā rua iti ki te nui, me ngā hanganga tectonic i roto i te āhua o ngā papa kohatu. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka kitea he hītori roa o te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā pānga o waho me te whanaketanga o roto o te aorangi.
Ngā rua pā me ngā puna nui
Ko ngā rua pā te mea tino kitea i runga i a Mereki. Nā te mea kāore he āhuarangi o te aorangi, kāore ngā tinana rangi e uru ana ki te ara iahiko o Mereki e tahuna pērā i ngā meteor i runga i te Ao. Nō reira, kei te mau tonu ngā tohu o ngā pānga ki te mata o Mereki mō ngā piriona tau. He rerekē te āhua o ēnei rua mai i ngā rua ngāwari, āhua peihana, ki ngā rua uaua, he tihi kei waenganui, he pakitara papatahi, me ngā tauira putanga whānui.
Ko tētahi hanganga rongonui ko te Caloris Basin, tētahi o ngā puna pānga nui rawa atu o te Pūnaha Rā, me te whānui o te 1.500 km. I hangaia a Caloris e te pānga o tētahi mea nui i te wā o te pahūtanga tuatahi. Nā te kaha o te pānga i hanga he tauira o ngā kapiti, ngā maunga porowhita, me ngā mania rangitoto i muri mai ka whakakī i tētahi wāhanga o te puna. He mea whakamīharo, i te taha kē o Caloris he rohe o te "whenua rerekē" he whenua rerekē rānei kua kī tonu i ngā pukepuke pōrearea. E whakaarohia ana ko tēnei nā ngā ngaru ru mai i te pānga o Caloris i horapa puta noa i te roto o te aorangi, ā, i arotahi ki te taha antipodal, ka pakaru te kirinuku i reira.
I roto i te rangahau i te whetū me te matawhenua o ngā aorangi, ko ngā rua me ngā takotoranga pērā i a Caloris he "tohu wā." Ka nui ake ngā rua i roto i tētahi rohe, ka tawhito ake te mata. Mā te whakatairite i ngā kiato o ngā rua i ngā wāhi rerekē, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te mahere i ngā wā matawhenua o Mercury i runga i ngā tikanga whanaunga.
Ngā mania puia me te hītori o te rangitoto
He rerekē ki te Marama, te wāhi i puta wawe ai te nuinga o ana puia, e whakaatu ana a Merkuri i ngā taunakitanga o te nui o te puia, ā, tera pea i roa ake i te whakaaro o mua. E whakaarohia ana ko ngā mania maeneene o Merkuri i hangaia mai i ngā rerenga rangitoto basaltic i whakakī i ngā peihana pānga, i kapi rānei i ngā wāhi nui.
Nā te misioni MESSENGER a NASA, i porowhita i a Mercury mai i te tau 2011 ki te 2015, i whakaatu mai he māramatanga hou mō te puia o te ao. I whakaatuhia e ngā raraunga he "mania maeneene" e rite ana ki te maria o te marama, engari he hanganga matū ahurei ki a Mercury. I tohu ētahi wāhi i te aroaro o ngā pūnga puia i puta ai pea ngā rauemi pyroclastic—ngā putunga mai i ngā pahūtanga pahū. He mea nui te kitenga o ēnei putunga pyroclastic nā te mea e tohu ana i te aroaro o te hau i roto i te magma, e tautoko ana i te horopaki i mua he nui ake ngā huānga pūngāwerewere i roto i a Mercury i tērā i whakaarohia i mua.
Tekotonika: ngā rārangi hapa me te whakahekenga o ngā aorangi
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino motuhake o te mata o Mercury ko ōna pari maha, arā, he pari roa, piko i hangaia e ngā hapa pana. E tohu ana ēnei hanganga kei te whakaheke haere a Mercury i te ao whānui—kei te "whakaiti" te aorangi. Ka puta te whakaheke ina whakamatao te roto o te aorangi, ka whakaiti i tōna rahinga me te whakaheke i tōna kirinuku, ka hanga he kopa me he hapa nui.
Ka toro atu ētahi o ngā paripari o te rau kiromita, ā, ka eke ki te teitei neke atu i te kotahi kiromita. He taunakitanga kaha tēnei e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te whanaketanga wera o Mereki i ngā wā o mua. He mea nui tēnei āhuatanga i roto i te ao whetū, nā te mea e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te hurihanga o ngā aorangi toka nā te whakamatao o roto, ā, he whakataurite hoki mō te mārama ki ngā tektonika i runga i te Marama, i a Mātaotao, me te Ao.
"Ngā awaawa" me te mea ngaro o te horonga tere
I whakaatuhia anō hoki e MESSENGER ngā āhuatanga ahurei e kiia nei ko ngā kōpuku: he papaku, he koretake ngā kōpuku, he maha ngā wā e huihui tahi ana me ngā taha kanapa. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā kōpuku i roto i ngā rua, i ngā taha rānei o ngā taha me ngā pakitara o ngā rua. E whakapae ana ngā kaipūtaiao ka puta ngā kōpuku nā te ngaronga o ngā rauemi pūngāwerewere mai i te mata—he momo "mimiti" he whakangawari rānei o ētahi huānga nā te wera o te Rā me te taiao o te wāhi.
Nā te kitenga o ngā kōwhao i whakarerekē te tirohanga roa kua pau katoa ngā mea whakakorikori o Mekuri nā tōna tata ki te Rā. Mēnā he nui ngā mea whakakorikori hei hanga kōwhao, tērā pea ka uaua ake te hanganga me ngā mahi a Mekuri, e uru ana ki te kohikohinga o ngā rauemi mai i ngā rohe tawhiti ake, ngā tikanga hopunga mea whakakorikori rānei i roto i te Pūnaha Rā o mua.
Ngā rerekētanga pāmahana tino nui me ō rātou pānga ki te mata
He wā hurihanga ahurei tō Mekuri: e toru ngā hurihanga i runga i tōna tuaka mō ia hurihanga e rua huri noa i te Rā (he orooro 3:2). Nō reira, he roa rawa te "rā rā" i runga i a Mekuri, tata ki te 176 ngā rā o te Ao. Hei tāpiri, kāore he āhuarangi o Mekuri hei hopu i te wera. Ka taea e te pāmahana o te awatea te neke ake i te 400°C, ko te pāmahana o te pō ka heke ki te -170°C.
Ka puta te pakaru o te wera i ēnei rerekētanga pāmahana tino nui, ka taea ai e ēnei te pakaru mārire i ngā toka. Ahakoa kāore tēnei momo huarere e peia ana e te wai, te hau, me te mahi koiora pērā i runga i te Ao, he mea nui tonu ngā huringa pāmahana ohorere ki te whanaketanga o te hanganga moroiti o te mata.
Te hukapapa i ngā pou: he pararutiki tata ki te Rā
Ko tētahi o ngā kitenga tino whakahihiri i roto i te arorangi aorangi ko te tohu o te hukapapa wai i ngā pou o Merkuri. Me pēhea rā te hukapapa i runga i te aorangi e tata ana ki te Rā? Kei roto i te piko iti o Merkuri te whakautu. Nā tōna piko iti, ko ētahi o ngā rua i ngā rohe poro he papa kāore e kitea e te rā (ngā rohe atarangi tonu). I ēnei wāhi, ka noho tonu te pāmahana ki raro rawa, ā, ka taea e te hukapapa te mau tonu mō ngā piriona tau. E tautoko ana ngā inenga radar mai i te Ao me ngā raraunga MESSENGER i te aroaro o ngā putunga hukapapa, tera pea kua hipokina e tētahi paparanga o ngā mea pouri i runga ake i a rātou.
Ko te hukapapa o Mekuri e whakaatu ana ko te tohatoha o te wai me ngā matū pūngāwerewere i roto i te Pūnaha Rā ehara i te mea ngāwari pēnei i te "tata atu ki te Rā, ka maroke." E whakakaha ana hoki i te whakaaro ko ngā wheturangi, ko ngā asteroid rānei, he nui te wai, i kawe mai i te hukapapa ki ngā rohe maha, tae atu ki ngā aorangi toka.
Te tūranga o ngā misioni ātea i roto i te mahere mata
Ko te māramatanga hou mō te mata o Mercury e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā misioni ātea. Ko te misioni Mariner 10 a NASA i te tau 1974–1975 te tuatahi ki te whakaahua tata atu i a Mercury, engari tata ki te 45% o te mata i maherehia e ia. Nō muri mai ka oti i a MESSENGER te mahere ā-ao, ā, ka whakaratohia he raraunga mō tōna hanganga matū, tōna āhua whenua, tōna papa aukume, me tōna hītori whenua. E matapaetia ana ka hohonu ake ngā rangahau mō te hanganga o ngā kohuke o Mercury, te hanganga o te kiripaka, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā āhuatanga o roto me te mata o Mercury.
Whakamutunga
He pūranga whenua ā-ao te mata o Mercury e tuhi ana i te hītori o mua o te Pūnaha Rā, mai i te wā o te pupuhi nui ki ngā mahi puia me te mahi tectonic o te ao i hanga i ngā pari pari. Mā ōna rua ka kitea te pakeketanga o te mata, mā ōna mania rangitoto ka kitea ngā āhuatanga o roto, mā ōna rua ka werohia ngā whakapae mō ngā mea pūngao, ā, mā ōna taupoki hukapapa porotaka ka kitea pea he "tohu wai" ahakoa te aorangi tata rawa atu ki te Rā.
I roto i te ao whetū o ēnei rā, ehara a Mercury i te aorangi iti, kua wera noa iho i te taha o te Rā, engari he mea nui ki te mārama ki te hanganga, te whanaketanga, me te taunekeneke o ngā aorangi toka ki tō rātou taiao ātea. Ka tāpirihia e ia mapi hou me ia raraunga misioni ātea he upoko hou ki te kōrero mō tēnei aorangi āhua puku, engari he aorangi e nui ana ngā mea ngaro.
