Ithiyori Yakudala: Ukuqonda Izisekelo Zomcabango Wezomnotho Wendabuko
I-Pendahuluan
Ithiyori yezomnotho yakudala ibhekisela kuqoqo lwemibono nezimiso ezathuthukiswa osomnotho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Le thiyori ibhekwa njengesisekelo esibalulekile sokwakhiwa kwezomnotho zanamuhla futhi isungula imiqondo eminingi eyisisekelo esasebenza nanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukujula ethiyori yakudala, abanikeli ababalulekile, kanye nokufaneleka kwayo namuhla.
Umsuka Wemfundiso Yakudala
Ithiyori yendabuko isuka ku-European Enlightenment, isikhathi lapho imicabango enengqondo neyesayensi yaqala ukubusa izici ezahlukene zokuqonda komuntu, okuhlanganisa nezomnotho. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu, evame ukubhekwa njengomsuka wethiyori yezomnotho yendabuko, umsebenzi ka-Adam Smith wango-1776, othi "The Wealth of Nations." Emsebenzini wakhe, uSmith wachaza imiqondo efana nezimakethe ezikhululekile, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi.
Abalingiswa Abayinhloko
Ngaphandle kuka-Adam Smith, abanye abantu ababalulekile abaningana baba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwemfundiso yakudala. Abanye balaba bahlanganisa:
1. UDavid Ricardo: URicardo waziwa ngombono wakhe wenzuzo yokuqhathanisa kanye nomkhuba wokuhweba ngokukhululekile. Waphikisana ngokuthi amazwe kufanele agxile ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla angazikhiqiza ngempumelelo kakhulu kunamanye amazwe. Lo mbono usalokhu uyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuhlaziywa kokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe.
2. UThomas Malthus: UMalthus waziwa ngombono wakhe wokuthi ukukhula kwenani labantu okudlula ukukhula komkhiqizo wezolimo kungaholela ekushodeni nasebuphofwini. Lo mbono waziwa ngokuthi ugibe lwaseMalthusian futhi uthonye izinqubomgomo zenani labantu emazweni ahlukahlukene.
3. UJohn Stuart Mill: UMill wathuthukisa umbono we-utilitarianism ngokomongo wezomnotho zakudala futhi wanikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngobudlelwano phakathi kokukhiqiza, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo
Ithiyori yakudala isekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa:
– Imakethe Ekhululekile: Ithiyori yendabuko igcizelela kakhulu imakethe ekhululekile lapho amanani ezimpahla nezinsizakalo enqunywa ngokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo ngaphandle kokungenelela kukahulumeni. Izazi zezomnotho zendabuko zazikholelwa ukuthi izimakethe zinamandla okuzilawula ngalokho ezazikubiza ngokuthi “isandla esingabonakali.”
– Umthetho kaSay: UJean-Baptiste Say uthe “ukunikezwa kudala isidingo sakho.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kuzodala ngokuzenzakalelayo imali engenayo eyanele yokuthenga lezo zimpahla, kuqede ithuba lenkinga ende yokukhiqiza ngokweqile.
– Uphiko Lwezabasebenzi: U-Adam Smith wethula umqondo wophiko lwezabasebenzi njengendlela yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi kuvumela ubuchwepheshe, okubuye kwandise umkhiqizo.
Ukugxekwa Kwemfundiso Yakudala
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono yakudala isibe yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komnotho, ayizange igwenywe ukugxekwa. Esinye sezigxeko ezibaluleke kakhulu savela ezifundweni ze-neoclassical neze-Keynes. UJohn Maynard Keynes, isibonelo, wenqaba umbono wokuthi izimakethe zingahlala zizilinganisela. Ngokusho kukaKeynes, ukungenelela kukahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani okufana nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okukhulu kanye nokucindezeleka komnotho. I-Keynesism igcizelela ukubaluleka kwesidingo esihlanganisiwe ekunqumeni izinga lomsebenzi wezomnotho.
Ithiyori yakudala nayo ibhekwa njengelula kakhulu ekuqondeni kwayo ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho. Isibonelo, ukucabanga ukuthi bonke abantu benza ngendlela enengqondo futhi banolwazi oluphelele kuye kwagxekwa ngokungabonisi njalo iqiniso. Empeleni, izici eziningi zengqondo nezenhlalo zithonya izinqumo zomuntu ngamunye kwezomnotho.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundiso Yakudala Namuhla
Naphezu kokugxekwa okuhlukahlukene, imiqondo eminingi evela ku-theory yakudala isasebenza ekuhlaziyweni kwezomnotho kwanamuhla. Izimiso ezifana nezimakethe ezikhululekile kanye nenzuzo yokuqhathanisa zihlala ziyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwezinqubomgomo zomnotho emazweni amaningi. Ukuxhashazwa kokushintshana esikhathini sedijithali ngokuvela kwe-cryptocurrencies, isibonelo, kusasebenzisa ezinye zezimiso eziyisisekelo zenani kanye nokushintshana ezisekelwa ngabasunguli be-theory yakudala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wokwahlukaniswa kwabasebenzi uyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza zanamuhla, lapho izinkampani ezinkulu zivame ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi yazo ibe yimisebenzi ethile ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle. Esikhathini sokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, inkolelo-mbono yokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ethathwe emcabangweni wakudala, isalokhu iyisimiso esiqondisayo sokuhlaziywa okuningi kwezomnotho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ithiyori yakudala iphinde inikeze isisekelo samamodeli amaningi ezomnotho anamuhla, futhi imiqondo yayo eyisisekelo isiza ekwakheni uhlaka lokucabanga ngendlela umnotho osebenza ngayo. Nakuba umhlaba ushintshe kakhulu kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Adam Smith, izimiso eziyinhloko zethiyori yakudala zihlala ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokufunda nokusetshenziswa kwezomnotho.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yezomnotho yakudala inikeza ukuqonda okuyisisekelo okwakha isisekelo somcabango wezomnotho wanamuhla. Kusukela ezimisweni zezimakethe ezikhululekile kuya emcabangweni wokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, eminingi yale mibono isalokhu inethonya nanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa kwayo futhi sigcwalise ukuqonda kwethu ngethiyori yakamuva. Lokhu kusenza sakhe uhlaka lokuhlaziya oluphelele lokuqonda ubunzima bomnotho womhlaba wanamuhla . Ithiyori yakudala, naphezu kokuba neminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ubudala, isalokhu iyinsika ebalulekile yocwaningo lwezomnotho.
