Umbono ka-Irving Fisher Wokufuna Imali
U-Irving Fisher wayengomunye wezazi zezomnotho ezinethonya kakhulu zesikhathi sakhe, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wenqubomgomo yemali kanye nombono wobuningi bemali. Iminikelo yakhe kumbono wemali isaqashelwa nanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ngokuthuthukiswa kwakhe kwe-equation of exchange. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngombono ka-Irving Fisher wesidingo semali, osekelwe kumodeli wobuningi bemali, kanye nokufaneleka kwayo kwezomnotho zanamuhla.
Isizinda Senkolelo-mbono Yobuningi Bemali
Ithiyori yobuningi bemali ingumqondo wasendulo oxhumanisa inani lemali elijikeleza ezingeni lentengo. Empeleni, le thiyori ithi izinguquko ekuhlinzekweni kwemali emnothweni zizothinta ngqo izinga lentengo. U-Irving Fisher waqhubeka nale ndlela ngokuthuthukisa imodeli yezibalo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-equation of exchange.
Isilinganiso Sokushintshanisa
UFisher wakha inkolelo-mbono yobuningi bemali ngokusebenzisa lesi sibalo esilandelayo:
\[ MV = PT \]
Lapha:
– \( M \) yinani eliphelele lemali ejikeleza emnothweni,
– \( V \) ijubane lokugeleza kwemali, okungukuthi imali ishintshashintsha kangaki izandla esikhathini esithile,
– \( P \) izinga lentengo elimaphakathi,
– \( T \) yinani lemisebenzi eyenzeka emnothweni.
Ngalesi sibalo, uFisher wagomela ngokuthi umkhiqizo wokunikezwa kwemali kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza kwayo kulingana nomkhiqizo wezinga lentengo kanye nomthamo wokuthengiselana. Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukulingana okubonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinguquko zemali nezingokoqobo. UFisher wagomela ngokuthi uma inani lemali \( M \) likhuphuka, khona-ke uma sicabanga ukuthi \( V \) kanye \( T \) zihlala zinjalo, intengo \( P \) kumele ikhuphuke, okubonisa ukukhuphuka kwentengo.
Isidingo Semali Emfundisweni KaFisher
Ngokombono kaFisher, isidingo semali sihlobene kakhulu nomsebenzi waso njengendlela yokushintshanisa imali. UFisher waphawula ukuthi abantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani babamba imali ukuze benze ukuthengiselana kwansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke, isidingo semali sincike kumthamo wokuthengiselana (T) kanye nesivinini sokujikeleziswa kwemali (V). Ngokwezibalo, isidingo semali singavezwa kanje:
\[ M_d = \frac{PT}{V} \]
Lapha, \( M_d \) yisidingo semali. UFisher wagomela ngokuthi emnothweni ozinzile nosebenzayo, ijubane lemali \( V \) libhekwa njengelihlala njalo futhi elibikezelwayo. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko ekufuneni kwemali zinqunywa kakhulu yizinguquko enanini lokuthengiselana \( T \).
Ukugxekwa kanye Nemibono Eyisisekelo
Nakuba le modeli ibonakala ilula futhi inengqondo, kunezigxeko eziningana zezibikezelo eziyisisekelo zenkolelo-mbono kaFisher. Enye yezigxeko eziyinhloko ukucabanga ukuthi ijubane lemali \(V \) aliguquki. Eqinisweni, \(V \) lingashintsha ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, inqubomgomo yezimali, kanye nezinguquko ezithandweni zabantu zokusebenzisa imali uma kuqhathaniswa nesikweletu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbono uyayishaya indiva indima yemali njengesitolo senani kanye nesilinganiso sengcebo. Ezomnotho zanamuhla, abantu ngabanye babamba imali njengendlela yokutshalwa kwezimali noma umshwalense wokungaqiniseki kwezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, isidingo semali asihlobene nje kuphela nomsebenzi wayo wokuthengiselana kodwa futhi nemisebenzi yayo yokuqagela kanye nokuqapha.
Ukufaneleka Komongo Wezomnotho Wanamuhla
Naphezu kokugxekwa kokulula kwezinkolelo-mbono zayo, inkolelo-mbono ka-Irving Fisher yesidingo semali isasebenza kahle esimweni sezomnotho sanamuhla, ikakhulukazi njengendawo yokuqala yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwemali namanani. Imibono eminingi yesimanje yemali, okuhlanganisa inkolelo-mbono kaKeynesian kanye ne-monetarism, iye yathuthukisa imiqondo ethathwe kumodeli eyisisekelo kaFisher.
Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kanye nesimiso sezezimali esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ijubane lemali (V) lingathonywa yizici eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe ezinhlelweni zokukhokha zedijithali, izinqubomgomo zentela, kanye nezimo zezepolitiki nezenhlalo. Kodwa-ke, izisekelo zemibono kaFisher zihlala ziwusizo ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo semali kanye nenqubomgomo yezimali.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori ka-Irving Fisher yesidingo semali, eyathuthukiswa nge-equation of exchange, inikeza isisekelo semibono eminingi yezomnotho wezezimali. Ukuqonda ukuthi izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokunikezwa kwemali, amanani, ivolumu yokuthengiselana, kanye nesivinini semali kuhlangana kanjani kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwezomnotho omkhulu kanye nenqubomgomo kahulumeni.
Nakuba le mbono ilula futhi idinga ukuguqulwa okukhulu ukuze ivumelane nobunzima bomnotho wanamuhla, izimiso eziyisisekelo zikaFisher zisebenza njengethuluzi lokuhlaziya eliwusizo. Ngokuqonda lezi zisekelo, izazi zezomnotho nabenzi bezinqubomgomo bangabhekana nezinselele zomnotho ngempumelelo futhi bakhe izinqubomgomo ezisiza ekulawuleni ukunikezwa kwemali nokugcina ukuzinza komnotho.
Ngezifundo ezifundwe embonweni kaFisher, abenzi benqubomgomo banamathuluzi angcono okuqonda ukuthi izenzo zabo zingathinta kanjani ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukukhula komnotho, kanye nokuzinza kwezezimali. Lokhu kwenza ifa likaFisher lihlale libalulekile futhi libalulekile ezingxoxweni zanamuhla zembonweni wokuhlinzekwa kanye nokufunwa kwemali.
