I-Biomedical

I-Molecular Phylogenetics Ekuhlukanisweni Kwezinto Eziphilayo Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo kuwumzamo wesayensi wokuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ngokusekelwe kokufana nokwehluka kwazo. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, ukuhlukaniswa kuncike kakhulu ezicini zomzimba—ukuma komzimba, isakhiwo sezitho, amaphethini ombala, noma ezinye izici ezibonakalayo zomzimba. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko ku-biology yamangqamuzana kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwe-DNA ishintshe indlela ososayensi abaqonda ngayo ubudlelwano bezinto eziphilayo. Yilapho i-phylogenetics… Funda kabanzi

Ukuziphendukela Kwama-Molecular Ezintweni Eziphilayo Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuvame ukuqondwa njengezinguquko esimweni somzimba wezinto eziphilayo kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwalezi zinguquko ezibonakalayo kunenqubo ecashile kakhulu neyisisekelo: izinguquko ezingeni lama-molecule. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvela kwama-molecule, inqubo yezinguquko ezintweni zofuzo—i-DNA ne-RNA—ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwabantu… Funda kabanzi

Ukuphindaphindeka kwamagciwane kumaseli aphethe Amagciwane ayizinto ezithelelanayo ezincane kakhulu ezingakwazi ukuphila nokuzala ngokuzimela. Ngokungafani namabhaktheriya noma isikhunta, ezinezinhlelo zazo ze-metabolic, amagciwane athembele cishe ngokuphelele kumaseli aphethe ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokuphindaphindeka kwamagciwane—inqubo lapho amagciwane ekopisha khona izinto zawo zofuzo futhi ahlanganise izinhlayiya ezintsha zamagciwane—ihlala… Funda kabanzi

I-Biology Yama-Molecular of DNA Virus Amagciwane e-DNA ayiqembu lamagciwane anezinto zofuzo ezakhiwe yi-deoxyribonucleic acid (i-DNA). Ngokungafani namagciwane e-RNA, ngokuvamile aphindaphindeka ngokushesha futhi anezinga eliphezulu lokuguquka, amagciwane e-DNA avame ukuzinza kakhulu ngokofuzo ngoba i-DNA imelana kakhulu namaphutha okuphindaphinda. Kodwa-ke, ukuzinza akusho ukuthi akulimazi: amagciwane e-DNA ahlukahlukene angabangela... Funda kabanzi

I-Molecular Biology yama-RNA Virus Ama-RNA virus ayiqembu lama-virusi anezinto zofuzo eziyi-ribonucleic acid (RNA). Leli qembu lihlanganisa amagciwane amaningi abalulekile kubantu, ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni, njenge-influenza, i-dengue, i-hepatitis C, i-polio, i-rabies, i-measles, kanye ne-SARS-CoV-2. Ukuhluka kwama-RNA virus kusezindleleni zawo zokuphindaphinda, amazinga aphezulu okuguquka, kanye namasu okunqoba amasosha omzimba. … Funda kabanzi

Ama-virus kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo nama-Host Cell Ama-virus aphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezinselele ukuziqonda. Awakwazi ukusinda futhi azalane ngokuzimela njengama-bacteria noma isikhunta, ethembele ngokuphelele kuma-host cell. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-virus abhekwa "njengolula," aqukethe izinto zofuzo kanye noboya obuvikelayo kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ku… Funda kabanzi

Ama-Operons ku-Bacterial Gene Regulation Ukulawulwa kwezakhi zofuzo yikhono lamaseli "lokuvula" noma "ukuvala" ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo njengoba kudingeka. Kuma-bacteria, lo mthetho ubalulekile ngoba ahlala ezindaweni ezishintsha ngokushesha—ukutholakala kwezakhi zomsoco kunganda noma kunciphe ngokuzumayo, izimo ezicindezelayo zingavela ngokuzumayo, futhi ama-bacteria kumele asabele kahle ukuze asinde. Enye ye… Funda kabanzi

Ukudluliswa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Ezivundlile Kumabhaktheriya Ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo okuvundlile (i-HGT) inqubo yokudlulisa izinto zofuzo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezingenzeki ngefa elivela kumzali liye enzalweni (eliqondile), kodwa kunalokho "ligxuma" phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlobo. Kumabhaktheriya, i-HGT ingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngoba ivumela amabhaktheriya ukuthi athole izici ezintsha ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulinda izinguquko... Funda kabanzi

Ama-Plasmids ku-Molecular Genetics Ama-Plasmids angenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-genetics yanamuhla yama-molecule. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nama-chromosome, ama-plasmid adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni umsebenzi we-gene, ekulawuleni i-DNA, ngisho nasekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ye-biotechnology efana ne-recombinant insulin. Ngokomongo we-microbiology, ama-plasmid avame ukutholakala kumabhaktheriya nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo njenge-extrachromosome DNA… Funda kabanzi

I-Molecular Biology yama-Bacteria nama-Microorganisms I-Molecular Biology yama-bacteria nama-microorganisms igatsha lesayensi elifunda izinqubo zokuphila ezingeni lama-molecule—ikakhulukazi ukuthi ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo lugcinwa kanjani, luvezwa kanjani, futhi lulawulwa kanjani, nokuthi ama-molecule eseli asebenzisana kanjani ukuze asekele ukuphila. Ukugxila kwayo okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi i-DNA, i-RNA, amaprotheni, i-metabolism, kanye namanethiwekhi okulawula anquma ukuziphatha kweseli. Ukuqonda i-molecular biology yama-microorganisms kunikeza isisekelo esibalulekile… Funda kabanzi