Ithiyori kaHarrod-Domar: Isibuyekezo Esijulile
I-Pendahuluan
Ukukhula komnotho kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, kokubili asathuthuka nasathuthukile. Kulesi simo, imibono yezomnotho echaza ukuthi umnotho ungakhula futhi uthuthuke kanjani iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Enye inkolelo eyakha isisekelo sokutadisha ukukhula komnotho yi-Harrod-Domar Theory. Yethulwe nguSir Roy Harrod no-Evsey Domar maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, le nkolelo inikeza umbono ngezinto ezibangela ukukhula komnotho, nakuba ilula, inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwabenzi bezinqubomgomo zomnotho.
Latar Belakang
Esikhathini sangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, ayesesimweni esinzima kakhulu kwezomnotho. Kwakudingeka isisekelo esiqinile semfundiso ukuze kuqondiswe ukuvuselelwa kwezomnotho kanye nentuthuko. Yilapho i-Harrod-Domar Theory yaqala khona ukusebenza. UHarrod, isazi sezomnotho saseBrithani, kanye noDomar, isazi sezomnotho saseMelika, bathuthukisa ngokuzimela imodeli echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kokutshalwa kwezimali, ukonga, kanye nokukhula komnotho.
Ingqikithi Yenkolelo-mbono KaHarrod-Domar
Ithiyori kaHarrod-Domar ithi ukukhula komnotho kunqunywa yizinga lokonga kanye nokukhiqiza kokutshalwa kwezimali. Ngokwezibalo, le modeli ingabonakaliswa ngefomula:
\[ G = \frac{S}{C} \]
Di mana:
– \( G \) izinga lokukhula komnotho.
– \( S \) izinga lokonga.
– \( C \) isilinganiso semali engenayo, okungukuthi inani lemali engenayo elidingekayo ukukhiqiza iyunithi eyodwa yomkhiqizo.
Kule fomula, kungabonakala ukuthi ukukhula komnotho okuhle kungafinyelelwa uma izinga lokonga liphezulu ngokwanele futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kusebenza kahle. Ngamanye amazwi, uma imali engenayo igcinwa futhi itshalwa kabusha emnothweni, ukukhula komnotho okusheshayo kungafinyelelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehla kokutshalwa kwezimali noma ukonga kungaholela ekwehleni kokukhula.
Izinkolelo Eziyisisekelo
Ithiyori yeHarrod-Domar isekelwe ezicatshangweni eziningana eziyisisekelo, ezihlanganisa:
1. Imakethe Yokuncintisana Ephelele: Kucatshangwa ukuthi umnotho usebenza emakethe yokuncintisana ephelele lapho ulwazi nezinsizakusebenza zitholakala futhi zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo.
2. Ukusetshenziswa Komthamo Ogcwele: Kucatshangwa ukuthi zonke izici zokukhiqiza zisetshenziswa kahle.
3. I-Fixed Capital Coefficient: Inani le-fixed capital elidingekayo ukukhiqiza iyunithi eyodwa yomkhiqizo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, esikhathini esifushane, ubuchwepheshe bubhekwa njengokuguquguquka okungaguquki.
4. Ukonga Nokutshalwa Kwezimali: Izinga eliphelele lokonga liphinde litshalwe emnothweni.
Ukugxekwa kwe-Harrod-Domar Theory
Nakuba le mbono inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kokutshalwa kwezimali nokukhula komnotho, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukugxekwa okuningi ngayo, okufana nalokhu:
1. Kulula Futhi Kuhlukene: Abanye abagxeki bathi le ndlela ilula kakhulu futhi ayicabangi ubunzima bezinguquko zangempela kwezomnotho, okuhlanganisa izici ezifana noshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, kanye nezimo zenhlalo nezepolitiki.
2. Izinkolelo Eziqinile: Izinkolelo ezisekelwe kulezi zindlela zivame ukuba yinto engenakwenzeka. Isibonelo, ukucabanga ukuthi yonke imali egciniwe itshalwe ngokugcwele nokuthi akukho ukungasebenzi kwamandla ezweni langempela.
3. I-Fixed Capital Coefficient: Lokhu kucabanga akuhlali kuyiqiniso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngoba ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, okuvumela ukwanda kokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
4. Imikhawulo Emazweni Asathuthuka: Imodeli yeHarrod-Domar ekuqaleni ayizange icabangele izinkinga zesakhiwo amazwe asathuthuka avame ukubhekana nazo, njengokutholakala kwezinsiza, ingqalasizinda enganele, kanye nezinselele zezikhungo.
Imiphumela Yenqubomgomo
Naphezu kokugxekwa okukhulu, i-Harrod-Domar Theory isasebenza, ikakhulukazi ekubekeni izinqubomgomo zomnotho eziyisisekelo emazweni ahlukahlukene. Eminye imiphumela yenqubomgomo engatholakala kule thiyori ihlanganisa:
1. Ukukhuthaza Ukonga: Izinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukonga kwasekhaya zingasiza ekwandiseni izinga lokutshalwa kwezimali futhi zisheshise ukukhula komnotho.
2. Ukusebenza Kahle Kokutshalwa Kwezimali: Ukusetshenziswa kwemali kumele kwenziwe ngcono. Uhulumeni angatshala imali kumaphrojekthi akhulisa umkhiqizo wesikhathi eside, njengengqalasizinda kanye nemfundo.
3. Ukutholakala Kwemali: Kwamazwe asathuthuka, ukwesekwa kwemali yangaphandle ngendlela yokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile noma imali mboleko kungagcwalisa izikhala zokutshalwa kwezimali kwasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kumele kuphathwe ngokuhlakanipha ukuze kugwenywe ingozi yesikweletu esikhulu.
4. Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Nobuchwepheshe: Ukukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kungasiza ekunciphiseni i-capital coefficient, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nokukhula.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yeHarrod-Domar inikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kokonga, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nokukhula komnotho. Nakuba le modeli inemikhawulo futhi ithole ukugxekwa okuhlukahlukene, ukubaluleka kwayo akunakunganakwa, ikakhulukazi esimweni senqubomgomo yokuhlela nokuthuthukisa umnotho. Isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokubaluleka kokutshalwa kwezimali okuphumelelayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza okuhle ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komnotho okusimeme. Ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuguqulwa okufanele, izimiso eziyisisekelo zale thiyori zingaqhubeka nokuqondisa inqubomgomo yezomnotho enkathini yanamuhla.
