Ithiyori Yokukhula Komnotho
Ukukhula komnotho kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokuhlola intuthuko yezwe. Leli gama libhekisela ekukhuleni kwamandla omnotho wezwe okukhiqiza izimpahla nezinsizakalo esikhathini esithile. Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zenqubomgomo yezomnotho yezwe ukufeza ukukhula komnotho okusimeme nokubandakanya wonke umuntu. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngemibono eminingana ebalulekile ethuthukiswe ukuqonda izindlela zokukhula komnotho.
1. Imfundiso Yakudala
Umbono wakudala wokukhula komnotho waqale waphakanyiswa izazi zezomnotho ezifana no-Adam Smith, uDavid Ricardo, noThomas Malthus. U-Adam Smith, encwadini yakhe ethi "The Wealth of Nations" (1776), waphikisana ngokuthi ukukhula komnotho kuqhutshwa ukuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi kanye nokuqongelela imali. USmith wayekholelwa ukuthi njengoba abasebenzi beba nekhono emisebenzini ethile, umkhiqizo uzokhula, okuholela ekukhuleni komnotho.
UDavid Ricardo wasungula le mbono ngokuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yenzuzo yokuqhathanisa kanye nokwabiwa kwemali engenayo. Wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqongelela imali kanye nobuchwepheshe ekukhuleni komnotho. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uThomas Malthus wayenombono ongemuhle kakhulu, ethi ukukhula okusheshayo kwenani labantu kuzoholela ekugcwaleni ngokweqile kanye nokucindezelwa kwezinsizakusebenza.
2. Ithiyori Yesimanjemanje
Ithiyori yokukhula komnotho ye-Neoclassical yakhela phezu kwezisekelo zethiyori yakudala. Enye yamamodeli aziwa kakhulu kulesi sigaba yimodeli yokukhula ye-Solow-Swan, eyasungulwa nguRobert Solow noTrevor Swan ngo-1956. Le modeli igcizelela indima yokuqoqwa kwemali, abasebenzi, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ekukhuleni komnotho.
Kumodeli yeSolow, ukukhula komnotho kuncike ekukhuleni kokukhiqiza kwezinto. Kodwa-ke, iSolow yethule nomqondo "wesimo esizinzile," lapho umnotho ufinyelela khona ukulingana kanye nokukhula komnotho kwehla njengoba izinzuzo ezengeziwe zokuqongelela imali zincipha. Kulesi simo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ibhekwa njengento ebalulekile eqhuba ukukhula komnotho kwesikhathi eside.
3. Ithiyori Yokukhula Engokwemvelo
Ithiyori yokukhula kwe-endogenous yavela ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwemodeli ye-neoclassical, ikakhulukazi ekuchazeni imithombo yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nokuthi inikela kanjani ekukhuleni komnotho. UPaul Romer noRobert Lucas babengabantu ababalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwale thiyori ngawo-1980.
Ithiyori yokukhula kwe-endogenous igcizelela ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kubasebenzi, emisha, kanye nolwazi kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokukhula komnotho. Kulo modeli, ubuchwepheshe abuyona into yangaphandle, kodwa kunalokho buwumkhiqizo wemisebenzi yezomnotho efana nocwaningo nentuthuko. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni ezisekela ukutshalwa kwezimali emfundweni nasekuthuthukisweni kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni komnotho.
4. Ithiyori Yokukhula KwamaSchumpeterian
UJoseph Schumpeter, isazi sezomnotho esidumile sasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, wanikeza umbono ohlukile ngokukhula komnotho. USchumpeter wagcizelela indima yosomabhizinisi kanye "nokubhujiswa kokudala" ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye noshintsho kwezomnotho. Waphikisana ngokuthi le nqubo ihilela ukufaka esikhundleni ubuchwepheshe obudala obusha, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhiqiza.
USchumpeter wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubusa kwesikhashana okudalwa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kungakhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kanye nezinguquko esakhiweni sezimboni. Nakuba ithonya likaSchumpeter lihlobene kakhulu nenkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwemvelo, ukugxila kwakhe endimeni yokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuhweba kube negalelo elibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kokukhula komnotho.
5. Ithiyori Yokukhula Okusha
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kuye kwavela imibono emisha ezama ukuhlanganisa izici zemibono eyahlukene yangaphambilini ngokufaka izici ezintsha ezifana nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, imvelo, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo. Isibonelo esisodwa yinkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwemvelo, egcizelela ukulinganiselwa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ekuhlaziyweni kokukhula komnotho.
Eminye imibono, njengokukhula okubandakanya wonke umuntu, igxile ekusatshalalisweni okulinganayo kwemali engenayo kanye namathuba ezomnotho. Kulesi sikhathi somhlaba wonke, izici ezifana nokufinyelela emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa komnotho nazo ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile zokukhula komnotho.
Imiphumela Yenqubomgomo
Ukuqonda kahle inkolelo-mbono yokukhula komnotho kunemiphumela ebalulekile kwinqubomgomo yomphakathi. Ohulumeni bangathatha izinyathelo zokudala indawo efanelekile yokukhula, njengokutshala imali engqalasizinda, ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo, ukukhuthaza izinqubomgomo zentela, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zokukhula komnotho zabelwana ngazo kabanzi emphakathini wonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinselele ezifana nokungalingani, ukuwohloka kwemvelo, kanye nokuthembela kubuchwepheshe obuthile kudingeka kuxazululwe ukuze kufezwe ukukhula okusimeme. Ngokubhekana nalezi zithiyo, amazwe angafinyelela amazinga aphezulu nalinganayo okukhula komnotho.
Isiphetho
Ukukhula komnotho kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi ethonywa yizici ezahlukahlukene zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Imibono yokukhula komnotho, eye yathuthuka emakhulwini eminyaka, inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela umnotho osebenza futhi uthuthuka ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Sengiphetha, kubalulekile ukuthi abenzi bezinqubomgomo, izifundiswa, kanye nochwepheshe baqhubeke nokuthuthukisa nokuvumelanisa lezi zinkolelo-mbono ukuze babhekane nezinselele zomnotho zamanje. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo ezisekelwe ekuqondeni okunengqondo kwenkolelo-mbono yokukhula komnotho zingasiza ekufezeni imigomo yentuthuko ebanzi neqhubekayo esikhathini esizayo.
