Uhlobo Lwebhizinisi Eliphethwe Nguhulumeni: Insika Yomnotho Kazwelonke
Ama-SoE aphethwe nguHulumeni (ama-SOE) yizinhlangano zebhizinisi ezinemali yazo yonke noma ingxenye enkulu yazo inguhulumeni. E-Indonesia, ama-SOE adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho nasekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zomphakathi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-SOE, izindima zawo, nokuthi anikela kanjani emnothweni wase-Indonesia.
1. Incazelo kanye nesizinda se-BUMN
Ama-State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) yizinkampani ezisungulwe uhulumeni ukuze zisebenze emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ebalulekile. Inhloso eyinhloko yama-SOE ukuphatha izinsiza ezibalulekile, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezingeke zinikezwe ngokugcwele emkhakheni ozimele, nokuqinisekisa ukulingana kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. E-Indonesia, ama-SOE alawulwa nguMthetho Nombolo 19 ka-2003 ophathelene nama-State-Owned Enterprises.
Amabhizinisi kahulumeni (ama-SOE) adlala indima ebalulekile entuthukweni yezomnotho ngokuhlinzeka ngengqalasizinda, amandla, ukuxhumana, ezokuthutha, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SOE asebenza njengomthombo wemali engenayo kahulumeni ngeminikelo yentela kanye nezabelo.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamabhizinisi Aphethwe Nguhulumeni
Amabhizinisi kahulumeni angahlukaniswa ngokwesimo sawo kanye nohlobo lwemisebenzi. Ngokuvamile, amabhizinisi kahulumeni ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili:
a. Inkampani Enesibopho Esilinganiselwe (iPersero)
I-Persero (Inkampani Enomthwalo Wemfanelo Olinganiselwe) yibhizinisi eliphethwe nguhulumeni (i-BUMN) lapho amanye noma wonke amasheya alo ephethwe nguhulumeni. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-Persero ukufuna inzuzo. Ama-Persero ngokuvamile asebenza emikhakheni yokuncintisana futhi anesakhiwo sokuphatha esifana nesezinkampani ezizimele. Izibonelo zama-Persero e-Indonesia zifaka phakathi i-PT Pertamina, i-PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (i-Telkom), kanye ne-PT Bank Mandiri.
b. Inkampani Kahulumeni (iPerum)
Inkampani yomphakathi (i-Perum) yibhizinisi likahulumeni (i-BUMN) elihlose ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo emphakathini ngaphandle kokubheka inzuzo. Inzuzo evela enkampanini yomphakathi (i-Perum) ivame ukubekelwa ukuthuthukisa izinsizakalo zomphakathi. Ama-Perum avame ukusebenza emikhakheni lapho izinsizakalo zomphakathi zibekwa phambili kunenzuzo. Izibonelo zama-Perum zifaka phakathi i-Regional Public Water Company (PDAM) kanye ne-State Logistics Agency (Bulog).
3. Izinhlobo Zamabhizinisi Kahulumeni Ngokusekelwe Emkhakheni
Amabhizinisi kahulumeni angahlukaniswa futhi ngokusekelwe emkhakheni wawo wezimboni. Eminye yemikhakha eyinhloko eqhutshwa amabhizinisi kahulumeni e-Indonesia ihlanganisa:
a. Amandla kanye Nezimayini
Umkhakha wamandla kanye nezimayini ungumkhakha obalulekile ophethwe amabhizinisi kahulumeni (ama-SOE) aphatha izinsiza zemvelo ezicebile zase-Indonesia. I-PT Pertamina ingenye yama-SOE amakhulu kulo mkhakha, ephethe ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela negesi. I-PT Aneka Tambang (ANTAM) kanye ne-PT Bukit Asam ngezinye izibonelo zezinkampani ezisebenza emkhakheni wezamaminerali namalahle.
b. Ezokuxhumana
Emkhakheni wezokuxhumana, i-PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Telkom) idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo zokuxhumana kulo lonke elase-Indonesia. I-Telkom ayigcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zocingo ne-inthanethi kodwa futhi ihilelekile ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda yedijithali ezweni.
c. Ezezimali
Amabhizinisi aphethwe nguhulumeni (ama-SOE) emkhakheni wezezimali afaka phakathi amabhange, umshwalense, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo zezezimali. I-PT Bank Mandiri, i-PT Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI), kanye ne-PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) ziyizibonelo zamabhange aphethwe nguhulumeni adumile embonini yamabhange. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PT Asuransi Jiwasraya kanye ne-PT Asabri yizinkampani ezimbili ezisebenza emkhakheni womshuwalense.
d. Ukwakhiwa kanye Nengqalasizinda
Umkhakha wokwakha nengqalasizinda nawo ugxile kakhulu emabhizinisini kahulumeni. I-PT Wijaya Karya (WIKA), i-PT Pembangunan Perumahan (PP), kanye ne-PT Adhi Karya ziphakathi kwamabhizinisi kahulumeni ahilelekile kumaphrojekthi engqalasizinda njengemigwaqo ekhokhelwayo, amabhuloho, kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu ezisekela izidingo zentuthuko kazwelonke.
e. Ezokuthutha
Umkhakha wezokuthutha uhlanganisa izinsiza zezindiza, izitimela, kanye nezamachweba. I-PT Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo zokuthutha emhlabeni. Okwamanje, i-PT Garuda Indonesia iyinkampani yezindiza kazwelonke, ekhonza izindiza zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.
4. Indima Nezinselele Zamabhizinisi Kahulumeni
Amabhizinisi kahulumeni (ama-SOE) asebenza njengamandla ashukumisa intuthuko yezomnotho, esebenza njengamanxusa entuthuko, futhi elinganisela amandla ezomnotho phakathi kwemikhakha yomphakathi neyangasese. Adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni imisebenzi nasekuqhubekiseleni phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezimboni ngaphakathi ezweni.
Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwamabhizinisi kahulumeni (ama-SOE) akunazo izinselelo. Izinkinga zokuphatha, izikhulu zikahulumeni eziqinile, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha okulinganiselwe kuvame ukubalwa njengezithiyo okudingeka zinqotshwe. Ama-SOE ayadingeka ukuthi asebenze kahle ukuze ancintisane nomkhakha ozimele, kokubili ezimakethe zasekhaya kanye nezomhlaba wonke.
5. Ukuguqulwa Kwamabhizinisi Aphethwe Nguhulumeni Enkathini Yanamuhla
Ebhekene nokuncintisana komhlaba wonke kanye nokuguquguquka kwezomnotho okushintsha njalo, amabhizinisi kahulumeni wase-Indonesia (ama-SOE) aseqalile ukubhekana nezinguquko ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zinguquko zifaka phakathi ukuvuselelwa kobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yabasebenzi, kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwenhlangano ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle.
Izinhlelo ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwedijithali kwezinsizakalo, ukubambisana okunesu nezinkampani zomhlaba wonke, kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamabhizinisi okwamanje kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emabhizinisini kahulumeni (ama-SOE). Uhulumeni uyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza ama-SOE ukuthi ahlanganyele kumaphrojekthi aluhlaza ukusekela intuthuko esimeme.
Isiphetho
Amabhizinisi kahulumeni (ama-SOE) ayizinsika ezibalulekile emnothweni wezwe. Awagcini nje ngokusebenza njengensika yokukhula komnotho kodwa futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekusatshalalisweni ngokulinganayo kokuchuma kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila komphakathi. Ukuze abhekane nezinselelo zesikhathi esizayo, ama-SOE kumele aqhubeke nokuqamba izinto ezintsha futhi abambisane namaqembu ahlukahlukene ukuze ahlale efanele futhi encintisana emnothweni womhlaba oqhubeka uyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngokusekelwa kwemithethonqubo efanele kanye nokuphathwa kobungcweti, amabhizinisi kahulumeni azoqhubeka nokuba yimpahla ebalulekile esizweni sase-Indonesia, enikeza izinzuzo hhayi nje kuphela kwezomnotho kodwa nakwezenhlalo nakwezemvelo.
