Organelles: Varindi veKurongeka KwemaSero
Zvipenyu zvipenyu, kubva pazvidiki zvakaita semabhakitiriya kusvika kune vanhu vakaomesesa, zvinoumbwa nezvikamu zvekutanga zvehupenyu zvinozivikanwa semasero. Kunyangwe masero achiuya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaumbirwo nehukuru, ese ane hunhu hwakafanana hunoabvumira kushanda nekupona. Chimwe chezvinhu izvi zvakakosha iorganelle, chimiro chakasarudzika mukati mesero chinoita mabasa chaiwo akakosha kuhupenyu hwesero.
Chii chinonzi Organelle?
MaOrganelles maumbirwo emaskeletal mukati memasero ane basa rawo rakakosha. Anoshanda senhengo diki (saka zita rekuti "organelle") uye anoonekwa sechikamu chakakosha chechimiro chemasero eukaryotic. Sezvinoita nhengo dziri mumuviri wemunhu dzinoita mabasa adzo chaiwo, organelle yega yega ine basa rayo rakakosha.
Mhando dzeOrganelles
Zvinotevera ndezvimwe zvezvikamu zvikuru zvinowanikwa mumasero eukaryotic evanhu uye mabasa azvo:
1. Nucleus: Inozivikanwa senzvimbo yekudzora sero, nucleus inochengeta zvinhu zvemajini muchimiro cheDNA. Basa guru renucleus nderekudzora kukura kwemasero, metabolism, uye kuberekana nekuchengetedza nekukopa ruzivo rwemajini. Chimwe chikamu chakakosha chenucleus i nucleolus, iyo inokonzera kugadzirwa kwe ribosome.
2. Mitochondria: Inowanzonzi "simba remasero," mitochondria inzvimbo yekufema kwemasero uye kugadzirwa kweATP (adenosine triphosphate), iyo molecule huru yesimba inoshandiswa nemasero. Ine DNA yavo uye inofungidzirwa kuti yakabva kumadzitateguru e endosymbiotic emabhakitiriya ekare.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ER i network yema membranes anobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni nemafuta. Kune mhando mbiri dzeER, dzinoti:
– Rough ER: Yakafukidzwa nema ribosome uye inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni.
– Smooth ER: Haina ribosomes uye ine basa guru mukugadzirwa kwemafuta uye kubvisa chepfu mumuviri.
4. Golgi apparatus: Ine basa rekugadzirisa, kurongedza, uye kurongedza mapuroteni nemafuta kuti zvibudiswe kubva musero kana kuti zviendeswe kune dzimwe nzvimbo mukati mesero.
5. Lysosomes: Ine ma enzymes ekugaya anoputsa macromolecules kuita zvidimbu zvidiki uye anodzokorodza masero akasakara.
6. Peroxisomes: Inoita basa guru mukugadzirwa kwemafatty acid uye kubvisa chepfu mumuviri. Nhengo idzi dzinogadzira nekupwanya peroxide, chinhu chinogona kukanganisa kugadzirwa kwemaseru.
7. Ribosomes: Kunyangwe zvisingawanzoonekwa sema organelles chaiwo nekuti haana kutenderedzwa ne membrane, ribosomes imota dzemamorekuru dzinogadzira mapuroteni nekubatanidza maamino acids muhurongwa hwakarairwa neRNA.
8. Ma chloroplast: Anowanikwa mumasero emiti nealgae chete, aya ma organelles anokonzera photosynthesis, achishandura simba rechiedza kuita simba remakemikari muchimiro cheglucose. Ane pigment yegirini inonzi chlorophyll.
9. Mavacuole: Aya mabhegi ekuchengetera anogona kunge aine mvura, zvinovaka muviri, kana marara. Mumasero emiti, vacuole yepakati inogona kutonga huwandu hwakawanda hwemasero uye inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza kumanikidzwa kwe turgor.
Basa uye Kukosha kweOrganelles
Mabasa enhengo yega yega akabatana zvakanyanya, zvichigadzira network yemasisitimu anogonesa masero kurarama nekubereka. Ma "organelles" anogonesa maitiro akaomarara akadai se metabolism, biosynthesis, kugadziriswa nekuiswa kwemamorekuru, uye kupatsanurwa kwemasero.
Semuenzaniso, mapuroteni anogadzirwa nema ribosomes mu rough ER anogadziriswa muGolgi apparatus. Mapuroteni aya anogona kugoverwa kune imwe nzvimbo musero kana kuburitswa. Mitochondria inopa simba rinodiwa kune ese maitiro ekugadzirisa, nepo lysosomes ichidzokorodza zvikamu zvemasero emarara, zvichiita kuti masero ashande zvakanaka uye achengetedze mari.
Kushanduka kweOrganelle
Imwe yedzidziso dzinogamuchirwa zvikuru dzinotsanangura mavambo eorganelles idzidziso ye endosymbiotic, yakatanga kutaurwa naLynn Margulis muna 1967. Dzidziso iyi inoti mamwe maorganelles, kunyanya mitochondria nema chloroplast, akabva kumabhakitiriya ekare akapinda muhukama hwekubatana nemasero ekutanga eukaryotic.
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso iyi, sero rekutanga re eukaryotic rakaputira mabhakitiriya e aerobic (kana ari mitochondria) kana mabhakitiriya e photosynthetic (kana ari ma chloroplast). Panzvimbo pekugaya mabhakitiriya aya, sero rinoita kuti pave nenzvimbo yakagadzikana, nepo mabhakitiriya achipa mabhenefiti ekugadzirisa muviri. Mumamiriyoni emakore ekurarama pamwe chete uku, mabhakitiriya aya akava chikamu chesero che organic ndokushanduka kuita ma organelles atinoziva nhasi.
Tsvagiridzo Yemazuva Ano uye Organelles
Kudzidza nezve organelles hakuna kungowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu nezve biology yemasero chete asiwo kwakatungamira mukufambira mberi kwakakosha muhutano uye tekinoroji ye biotechnology. Semuenzaniso, kutsvagurudza nezvekusashanda zvakanaka kwe mitochondrial kwakapa ruzivo nezvezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa kugaya kwemuviri, zvinosanganisira chirwere cheshuga nechirwere chemwoyo.
Zvichakadaro, kufambira mberi mu biotechnology kwakabatsira vaongorori kuti vagone kushandisa organelles nekugadzirisa mazinga ekushanda kwavo kuti vawedzere kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvehupenyu zvakaita sema enzymes nemapuroteni emishonga.
Mhedziso
MaOrganelles zvinhu zvakakosha muhupenyu hwemasero, zvichitsigira mabasa akakosha mukati mezvinhu zvipenyu. Kunzwisisa mashandiro azvo nekushanduka-shanduka kunoita kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama mashandiro ehupenyu padanho remamorekuru. Tsvagiridzo yeOrganelle inoramba ichiita basa rakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yezvekurapa neyebhayoloji, zvichiisa hwaro hwekurapa kwekudzivirira nekurapa mune ramangwana. Kudzidza nekunzwisisa maOrganelles hakungodyisi kuda kwedu kwesainzi chete asiwo kunovandudza kugona kwedu kuvandudza nekusimudzira hutano hwevanhu.
